PEERAGE
			Last updated 08/04/2013
Date	Rank	Order	Name	Born	Died	Age
			SAATCHI
4 Oct 1996	B[L]	1	Maurice Saatchi	21 Jun 1946
			Created Baron Saatchi for life 4 Oct 1996
			SACKS
1 Sep 2009	B[L]	1	Jonathan Henry Sacks	8 Mar 1948
			Created Baron Sacks for life 1 Sep 2009
			Chief Rabbi of the UK and the Commonwealth 1991-
			SACKVILLE
11 Feb 1782	V	1	Lord George Germain (Sackville until 1770)	26 Jan 1716	26 Aug 1785	69
			Created Baron Bolebrooke and
			Viscount Sackville 11 Feb 1782
			MP for Dover 1741-1761, Hythe 1761-1768
			and East Grinstead 1768-1782.
			Chief Secretary for Ireland 1751-1755.
			PC [I] 1751  PC 1758  President of the
			Board of Trade 1775-1779. Secretary of
			State for the Colonies 1779-1782
26 Aug 1785		2	Charles Sackville-Germain,Duke of Dorset	27 Aug 1767	29 Jul 1843	75
to			Peerages extinct on his death
29 Jul 1843
			---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Oct 1876	B	1	Mortimer Sackville-West	22 Sep 1820	1 Oct 1888	68
			Created Baron Sackville 2 Oct 1876
1 Oct 1888		2	Lionel Sackville Sackville-West	19 Jul 1827	3 Sep 1908	81
			For further information on this peer, see the
			note at the foot of this page.
3 Sep 1908		3	Lionel Edward Sackville-West	15 May 1867	28 Jan 1928	60
			For further information on this peer's wife, see the
			note at the foot of this page.
28 Jan 1928		4	Charles John Sackville-West	10 Aug 1870	9 May 1962	91
9 May 1962		5	Edward Charles Sackville-West	13 Nov 1901	4 Jul 1965	63
4 Jul 1965		6	Lionel Bertrand Sackville-West	30 May 1913	27 Mar 2004	90
27 Mar 2004		7	Robert Bertrand Sackville-West	10 Jul 1958
			SAINSBURY
3 May 1962	B[L]	1	Alan John Sainsbury	13 Aug 1902	21 Oct 1998	96
to			Created Baron Sainsbury for life 3 May 1962
21 Oct 1998			Peerage extinct on his death
			SAINSBURY OF PRESTON CANDOVER
31 Jan 1989	B[L]	1	John Davan Sainsbury	2 Nov 1927
			Created Baron Sainsbury of Preston
			Candover for life 31 Jan 1989
			KG 1992
			SAINSBURY OF TURVILLE
3 Oct 1997	B[L]	1	David John Sainsbury	24 Oct 1940
			Created Baron Sainsbury of Turville for life
			3 Oct 1997
			ST.ALBANS
27 Jan 1621	V	1	Francis Bacon	22 Jan 1561	9 Apr 1626	65
to			Created Baron Verulam 11 Jul 1618
9 Apr 1626			and Viscount Saint Albans 27 Jan 1621
			MP for Melcombe Regis 1584-1586, Taunton
			1586-1587, Liverpool 1588-1589, Middlesex
			1592-1593, Ipswich 1597-1598, 1601,1604-
			1611 and Cambridge 1614. Solicitor General
			1607-1613. Attorney General 1613-1617.
			Lord Chancellor 1618-1621.
			Peerages extinct on his death
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23 Aug 1628	E	1	Richard Bourke,Earl of Clanricarde	c 1572	12 Nov 1635
			Created Baron of Somerhill and
			Viscount Tunbridge 3 Apr 1624 and
			Baron of Imanney,Viscount Galway and
			Earl of St.Albans 23 Aug 1628
12 Nov 1635		2	Ulick Bourke,Earl of Clanricarde	Dec 1604	Jul 1657	52
to			Peerage extinct on his death
Jul 1657
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
27 Apr 1660	E	1	Henry Jermyn,Baron Jermyn		2 Jan 1684
to			Created Earl of St.Albans 27 Apr 1660
2 Jan 1684			KG 1672
			Peerage extinct on his death
			-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Jan 1684	D	1	Charles Beauclerk	8 May 1670	10 May 1726	56
			Created Baron Hedington and Earl of
			Burford 27 Dec 1676,and Duke of
			St. Albans 10 Jan 1684
			illegitimate son of Charles II. Lord
			Lieutenant Berkshire 1714-1726. KG 1718
10 May 1726		2	Charles Beauclerk	6 Apr 1696	27 Jul 1751	55
			MP for Bodmin 1718-1722 and Windsor
			1722-1726. Lord Lieutenant Berkshire
			1727-1751.  KG 1741
27 Jul 1751		3	George Beauclerk	25 Jun 1730	1 Feb 1786	55
			Lord Lieutenant Berkshire 1751-1761
			and 1771-1786
1 Feb 1786		4	George Beauclerk	5 Dec 1758	15 Feb 1787	28
15 Feb 1787		5	Aubrey Beauclerk,2nd Baron Vere of Hanworth	3 Jun 1740	9 Feb 1802	61
			MP for Thetford 1761-1768 and
			Aldborough 1768-1774
9 Feb 1802		6	Aubrey Beauclerk	21 Aug 1765	12 Aug 1815	49
			MP for Hull 1790-1796
12 Aug 1815		7	Aubrey Beauclerk	7 Apr 1815	19 Feb 1816	-
19 Feb 1816		8	William Beauclerk	18 Dec 1766	17 Jul 1825	58
17 Jul 1825		9	William Aubrey de Vere Beauclerk	24 Mar 1801	26 May 1849	48
26 May 1849		10	William Amelius Aubrey de Vere Beauclerk	15 Apr 1840	10 May 1898	58
			PC 1869.  Lord Lieutenant Nottingham
			1880-1898
10 May 1898		11	Charles Victor Albert Aubrey de Vere
			Beauclerk	26 Mar 1870	19 Sep 1934	64
19 Sep 1934		12	Osborne de Vere Beauclerk	16 Oct 1874	2 Mar 1964	89
			For further information on this peer, see the note
			at the foot of this page
2 Mar 1964		13	Charles Frederick Aubrey de Vere
			Beauclerk	16 Aug 1915	8 Oct 1988	73
			For further information on this peer, see the note
			at the foot of this page
8 Oct 1988		14	Murray de Vere Beauclerk	19 Jan 1939
			ST.ALDWYN
22 Feb 1915	E	1	Sir Michael Edward Hicks-Beach,9th baronet	23 Oct 1837	30 Apr 1916	78
			Created Viscount St.Aldwyn 6 Jan 1906
			and Viscount Quenington and Earl
			St.Aldwyn 22 Feb 1915
			MP for Gloucestershire East 1864-1885
			and Bristol West 1885-1906. Chief
			Secretary for Ireland 1874-1878. Secretary
			of State for Colonies 1878-1880.Chancellor
			of the Exchequer 1885-1886. Chief Secretary
			for Ireland 1886-1887. President of the
			Board of Trade 1888-1892. Chancellor of the
			Exchequer 1895-1902. PC 1874  PC [I] 1874
30 Apr 1916		2	Michael John Hicks-Beach	9 Oct 1912	29 Jan 1992	79
			PC 1959
29 Jan 1992		3	Michael Henry Hicks Beach	7 Feb 1950
			ST.AMAND
29 Dec 1299	B	1	Almaric de St.Amand		29 Jul 1310
to			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
29 Jul 1310			St.Amand 29 Dec 1299
			Peerage extinct on his death
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Jan 1313	B	1	John de St.Amand		Jan 1330
			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
			St.Amand 8 Jan 1313
Jan 1330		2	Amauri de St.Amand	c 1314	11 Sep 1381
11 Sep 1381		3	Amauri de St.Amand	c 1341	13 Jun 1402
to			On his death the peerage fell into abeyance
13 Jun 1402
15 Dec 1416		4	Gerard Braybrooke		15 Apr 1422
to			He became sole heir in 1416. On his death
15 Apr 1422			the peerage again fell into abeyance
1428		5	Elizabeth Braybrooke		2 Dec 1491
			She became sole heir in 1428. She
			married William Beauchamp who was
			summoned to Parliament as Lord St.
			Amand 2 Jan 1469
2 Dec 1491		6	Richard Beauchamp		Jul 1508
to			Peerage extinct on his death
Jul 1508
			ST.ANDREWS
12 Oct 1934	E	1	H.R.H. George Edward Alexander Edmund	20 Dec 1902	25 Aug 1942	39
			Created Baron Downpatrick,Earl of
			St.Andrews and Duke of Kent
			12 Oct 1934
			See "Kent"
			ST.ASAPH
14 May 1730	V	1	John Ashburnham,Baron Ashburnham	13 Mar 1687	10 Mar 1736	48
			Created Viscount St.Asaph and Earl of
			Ashburnham 14 May 1730
			See "Ashburnham"
			ST.AUDRIES
22 Jun 1911	B	1	Sir Alexander Fuller-Acland-Hood,4th baronet	26 Sep 1853	4 Jun 1917	63
			Created Baron St.Audries 22 Jun 1911
			MP for Somerset West 1892-1911.  PC 1904
4 Jun 1917		2	Alexander Peregrine Fuller-Acland-Hood	24 Dec 1893	16 Oct 1971	77
to			Peerage extinct on his death
16 Oct 1971
			SAINT BRIDES
8 Feb 1977	B[L]	1	John Morrice Cairns James	30 Apr 1916	26 Nov 1989	73
to			Created Baron Saint Brides for life 8 Feb 1977
26 Nov 1989			PC 1968
			Peerage extinct on his death
			ST.COLME
7 Mar 1611	B[S]	1	Henry Stewart		12 Jul 1612
			Created Lord St.Colme 7 Mar 1611
12 Jul 1612		2	James Stewart		c 1620
to			Peerage extinct on his death
c 1620
			SAINT CYRES
3 Jul 1885	V	1	Stafford Henry Northcote	27 Oct 1818	12 Jan 1887	68
			Created Viscount Saint Cyres and Earl of
			Iddesleigh 3 Jul 1885
			See "Iddesleigh"
			SAINT DAVIDS
17 Jun 1918	V	1	Sir John Wynford Philipps,13th baronet	30 May 1860	28 Mar 1938	77
			Created Baron St.Davids 6 Jul 1908
			and Viscount St.Davids 17 Jun 1918
			MP for Lanarkshire Mid 1888-1894 and
			Pembrokeshire 1898-1908.  PC 1914
			Lord Lieutenant Pembroke 1911-1932
28 Mar 1938		2	Jestyn Reginald Austen Plantagenet Philipps	19 Feb 1917	10 Jun 1991	74
10 Jun 1991		3	Colwyn Jestyn John Philipps	20 Jan 1939	26 Apr 2009	70
26 Apr 2009		4	Rhodri Colwyn Philipps,4th Viscount St.Davids	16 Sep 1966
			SAINT GEORGE
18 Apr 1715	B[I]	1	Sir George Saint-George,2nd baronet	c 1658	18 Aug 1735
to			Created Baron Saint George
18 Aug 1735			18 Apr 1715
			PC [I] 1715
			Peerage extinct on his death
			-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19 Apr 1763	B[I]	1	St.George Saint-George	c 1715	2 Jan 1775
to			Created Baron Saint George
2 Jan 1775			19 Apr 1763
			Peerage extinct on his death
			SAINT GERMANS
30 Jan 1784	B	1	Edward Eliot (Craggs-Eliot from 1789)	8 Jul 1727	17 Feb 1804	76
			Created Baron Eliot of St.Germans
			30 Jan 1784
			MP for St.Germans 1748-1768, Liskeard
			1768-1774, St.Germans 1774-1775 and
			Cornwall 1775-1784
17 Feb 1804		2	John Eliot	30 Sep 1761	17 Nov 1823	62
28 Nov 1815	E	1	Created Earl of Saint Germans
			28 Nov 1815
			MP for Liskeard 1784-1804
17 Nov 1823		2	William Eliot	1 Apr 1767	19 Jan 1845	77
			MP for St.Germans 1791-1802 and Liskeard
			1802-1823
19 Jan 1845		3	Edward Granville Eliot	29 Aug 1798	7 Oct 1877	79
			MP for Liskeard 1824-1832 and Cornwall
			East 1837-1845. Chief Secretary for Ireland
			1841-1845. Postmaster General 1845-1846.
			Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1853-1855.
			PC 1841. PC [I] 1841
7 Oct 1877		4	William Gordon Cornwallis Eliot	14 Dec 1829	19 Mar 1881	51
			MP for Devonport 1866-1868
			He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of
			Acceleration as Baron Eliot 14 Sep 1870
19 Mar 1881		5	Henry Cornwallis Eliot	11 Feb 1835	24 Sep 1911	76
			For information of the death of his son and heir,
			Lord Eliot,see the note at the foot of this page
24 Sep 1911		6	John Granville Cornwallis Eliot	11 Jun 1890	31 Mar 1922	31
31 Mar 1922		7	Granville John Eliot	22 Sep 1867	20 Nov 1942	75
20 Nov 1942		8	Montague Charles Eliot	13 May 1870	19 Sep 1960	90
19 Sep 1960		9	Nicholas Richard Michael Eliot	26 Jan 1914	11 Mar 1988	74
			For further information on this peer, see the note
			at the foot of this page
11 Mar 1988		10	Peregrine Nicholas Eliot	2 Jan 1941
			ST.HELENS
26 Jan 1791	B[I]	1	Alleyne Fitzherbert	1 Mar 1753	19 Feb 1839	85
31 Jul 1801	B	1	Created Baron St.Helens [I] 26 Jan 1791
to			and Baron St.Helens [UK] 31 Jul 1801
19 Feb 1839			Chief Secretary for Ireland 1787-1789.
			PC 1787  PC [I] 1787
			Peerage extinct on his death
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
31 Dec 1964	B	1	Michael Henry Colin Hughes-Young	28 Oct 1912	27 Dec 1980	68
			Created Baron St.Helens 31 Dec 1964
			MP for Wandsworth Central 1955-1964
27 Dec 1980		2	Richard Francis Hughes-Young	4 Nov 1945
			ST.HELIER
23 Feb 1905	B	1	Francis Henry Jeune	17 Mar 1843	9 Apr 1905	62
to			Created Baron St.Helier 23 Feb 1905
9 Apr 1905			Judge Advocate General 1892-1904.  PC 1892
			Peerage extinct on his death
			ST.JOHN
9 Mar 1539	B	1	William Paulet	c 1483	10 Mar 1572
			Created Baron Saint John 9 Mar 1539,
			Earl of Wiltshire 19 Jan 1550 and
			Marquess of Winchester 11 Oct 1551
			See "Winchester"
			*************
4 Oct 1544			John Paulet	c 1510	4 Nov 1576
			He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of
			Acceleration as Baron St. John 4 Oct 1544
			He succeeded as Marquess of Winchester (qv)
			in 1572
			*************
5 May 1572			William Paulet	1533	24 Nov 1598	65
			He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of
			Acceleration as Baron St. John 5 May 1572
			He succeeded as Marquess of Winchester (qv)
			in 1576
			*************
10 Feb 1624			John Paulet	c 1598	5 Mar 1675
			He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of
			Acceleration as Baron St. John 10 Feb 1624
			He succeeded as Marquess of Winchester (qv)
			in 1629
			*************
2 Jul 1716	V	1	Sir Henry St.John,4th baronet	17 Oct 1652	8 Apr 1742	89
			Created Baron St.John of Battersea
			and Viscount St.John 2 Jul 1716
			MP for Wootton Basset 1679-1695 and
			1698-1700, and Wiltshire 1695-1698
8 Apr 1742		2	John St.John	3 May 1702	26 Nov 1748	46
			MP for Wootton Basset 1727-1734
26 Nov 1748		3	Frederick St.John		5 May 1787
			He succeeded to the Viscountcy of
			Bolingbroke (qv) in 1751 with which title
			this peerage then merged
			ST.JOHN DE BASING
29 Dec 1299	B	1	John St.John		14 May 1329
			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
			St.John de Basing 29 Dec 1299
14 May 1329		2	Hugh St.John		1337
1337		3	Edmund St.John		1347
to			On his death the peerage fell into abeyance
1347
1361		4	Isabel		16 Oct 1393
			She married Lucas de Poynings who was
			summoned in her right. He died c 1385
16 Oct 1393		5	Thomas Poynings		13 Mar 1429
to			On his death the peerage again fell
13 Mar 1429			into abeyance
			ST.JOHN OF BLETSO
13 Jan 1559	B	1	Oliver St.John		23 May 1582
			Created Baron St.John of Bletso
			13 Jan 1559
23 May 1582		2	John St.John		23 Oct 1596
23 Oct 1596		3	Oliver St.John	c 1540	Jun 1618
Jun 1618		4	Oliver St.John,Earl of Bolingbroke	c 1584	Jun 1646
14 May 1641		5	Oliver St.John		23 Oct 1642
			He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of
			Acceleration as Baron St.John of Bletso
			14 May 1641
			On his death the peerage reverted to his
			father (see above)
Jun 1646		6	Oliver St.John,Earl of Bolingbroke		18 Mar 1688
18 Mar 1688		7	Paulet St.John,Earl of Bolingbroke		5 Oct 1711
5 Oct 1711		8	Sir Paulet St.Andrew St.John,5th baronet		10 May 1714
10 May 1714		9	William St.John		11 Oct 1720
11 Oct 1720		10	Rowland St.John		4 Jul 1722
4 Jul 1722		11	John St.John		24 Jun 1757
24 Jun 1757		12	John St.John	15 Nov 1725	27 Apr 1767	41
27 Apr 1767		13	Henry Beauchamp St.John	2 Aug 1758	19 Dec 1805	47
19 Dec 1805		14	St.Andrew St.John	22 Aug 1759	15 Oct 1817	58
			MP for Bedfordshire 1780-1784 and 1785-1806
			PC 1806
15 Oct 1817		15	St.Andrew Beauchamp St.John	8 Nov 1811	27 Jan 1874	62
27 Jan 1874		16	St.Andrew St.John	5 Oct 1840	2 Nov 1887	47
2 Nov 1887		17	Beauchamp Mowbray St.John	5 Dec 1844	10 May 1912	67
			Lord Lieutenant Bedford 1905-1912
10 May 1912		18	Henry Beauchamp Oliver St.John	24 Jun 1876	17 Oct 1920	44
17 Oct 1920		19	Moubray St.Andrew Thornton St.John	5 Nov 1877	28 Oct 1934	56
28 Oct 1934		20	John Moubray Russell St.John	3 Aug 1917	13 Apr 1976	58
13 Apr 1976		21	Andrew Beauchamp St.John	23 Aug 1918	11 Feb 1978	59
11 Feb 1978		22	Anthony Tudor St.John	16 May 1957
			ST.JOHN OF FAWSLEY
19 Oct 1987	B[L]	1	Norman Antony Francis St.John-Stevas	18 May 1929	2 Mar 2012	82
to			Created Baron St.John of Fawsley for life
2 Mar 2012			19 Oct 1987
			MP for Chelmsford 1964-1987. Minister of
			State for the Arts 1973-1974. Chancellor
			of the Duchy of Lancaster 1979-1981.
			PC 1979
			Peerage extinct on his death
			ST.JOHN DE LAGEHAM
21 Sep 1299	B	1	John St.John		Jun 1316
			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
			St.John de Lageham 21 Sep 1299
Jun 1316		2	John St.John		23 Apr 1323
23 Apr 1323		3	John St.John		1 Apr 1349
1 Apr 1349		4	Roger St.John		28 Mar 1353
28 Mar 1353		5	Piers St.John		1355
to			On his death the peerage became dormant
1355
			ST.JOHN OF LYDIARD
7 Jul 1712	B	1	Henry St.John	10 Oct 1678	12 Dec 1751	73
			Created Baron St.John and Viscount
			Bolingbroke 7 Jul 1712
			See "Bolingbroke"
			ST.JUST
29 Jun 1935	B	1	Edward Charles Grenfell	29 May 1870	26 Nov 1941	71
			Created Baron St.Just 29 Jun 1935
			MP for London 1922-1935
26 Nov 1941		2	Peter George Grenfell	22 Jul 1922	14 Oct 1984	62
to			Peerage extinct on his death
14 Oct 1984
			ST.LAWRENCE
3 Sep 1767	V[I]	1	Thomas St.Lawrence,Baron Howth	10 May 1730	29 Sep 1801	71
			Created Viscount St.Lawrence and
			Earl of Howth 3 Sep 1767
			See "Howth"
			SAINT LEONARDS
1 Mar 1852	B	1	Edward Burtenshaw Sugden	12 Feb 1781	29 Jan 1875	93
			Created Baron Saint Leonards 1 Mar 1852
			MP for Weymouth 1826-1831, St.Mawes
			1831-1832 and Ripon 1837-1841. Solicitor
			General 1829-1830. Lord Chancellor [I]
			1835 and 1841-1846. Lord Chancellor 1852
			PC 1834. PC [I] 1835
			For information about the St. Leonards Will Case
			of 1875-76, see the note at the foot of this page
29 Jan 1875		2	Edward Burtenshaw Sugden	12 Aug 1847	18 Mar 1908	60
			For further information about this peer,see the
			note at the foot of this page
18 Mar 1908		3	Frank Edward Sugden	11 Nov 1890	18 Jul 1972	81
18 Jul 1972		4	John Gerard Sugden	3 Feb 1950	1 Jun 1985	35
to			Peerage extinct on his death
1 Jun 1985
			SAINT LEVAN
4 Jul 1887	B	1	Sir John St.Aubyn,2nd baronet	23 Oct 1829	14 May 1908	78
			Created Baron Saint Levan 4 Jul 1887
			MP for Cornwall West 1858-1885 and
			St.Ives 1885-1887
14 May 1908		2	John Townshend St.Aubyn	23 Sep 1857	10 Nov 1940	83
10 Nov 1940		3	Francis Cecil St.Aubyn	18 Apr 1895	10 Jul 1978	83
10 Jul 1978		4	John Francis Arthur St.Aubyn	23 Feb 1919	7 Apr 2013	94
7 Apr 2013		5	James Piers Southwell St.Aubyn	6 Jun 1950
			ST.LIZ
2 Feb 1664	B	1	Basil Feilding,Earl of Denbigh	c 1608	28 Nov 1675
			Created Baron St.Liz 2 Feb 1664
			See "Denbigh"
			ST.MAUR
29 Jul 1313	B	1	Nicholas St.Maur		8 Nov 1316
			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
			St.Maur 29 Jul 1313
8 Nov 1316		2	Thomas St.Maur		8 Aug 1361
8 Aug 1361		3	Nicholas Seymour		Jan 1362
Jan 1362		4	Richard Seymour		15 May 1401
15 May 1401		5	Richard Seymour		Jan 1409
Jan 1409		6	Alice Seymour
			She married William Zouche,Lord Zouche (qv)
			who assumed the peerage in her right.
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20 Nov 1317	B	1	William de Saint Maur		after 1317
to			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
after 1317			Saint Maur 20 Nov 1317
			Peerage extinct on his death
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19 Jun 1863	E	1	Edward Adolphus Seymour,Duke	20 Dec 1804	28 Nov 1885	80
to			of Somerset
28 Nov 1885			Created Earl Saint Maur 19 Jun 1863
			Peerage extinct on his death
			SAINT OSWALD
6 Jul 1885	B	1	Rowland Winn	19 Feb 1820	17 Jan 1893	72
			Created Baron Saint Oswald 6 Jul 1885
			MP for Lincolnshire North 1868-1885
17 Jan 1893		2	Rowland Winn	1 Aug 1857	13 Apr 1919	61
			MP for Pontefract 1885-1893
13 Apr 1919		3	Rowland George Winn	29 Jul 1893	25 Feb 1957	63
25 Feb 1957		4	Rowland Denys Guy Winn	19 Sep 1916	19 Dec 1984	68
19 Dec 1984		5	Derek Edward Anthony Winn	9 Jul 1919	18 Mar 1999	79
18 Mar 1999		6	Charles Rowland Andrew Winn	22 Jul 1959
			ST.PHILIBERT
20 Nov 1348	B	1	John St.Philibert		3 Sep 1358
			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
			St. Philibert 20 Nov 1348
3 Sep 1358		2	Adam St.Philibert		1359
1359		3	John St.Philibert		1361
to			Peerage extinct on his death
1361
			ST.PIERRE
11 Feb 1901	V	1	Frederick Sleigh Roberts VC,1st Baron Roberts	30 Sep 1832	14 Nov 1914	82
			Created Viscount St.Pierre and Earl
			Roberts 11 Feb 1901
			See "Roberts"
			ST.VINCENT
23 Jun 1797	E	1	John Jervis	9 Jan 1735	14 Mar 1823	88
to			Created Baron Jervis and Earl of
14 Mar 1823			St.Vincent 23 Jun 1797 and Viscount
27 Apr 1801	V	1	St.Vincent 27 Apr 1801
			MP for Launceston 1783-1784, Great
			Yarmouth 1784-1790 and Wycombe 1790-
			1794. First Lord of the Admiralty 1801-
			1804. Admiral of the Fleet 1821  PC 1801
			On his death the Barony and Earldom became
			extinct whilst the Viscountcy passed to -
			For information on two claims made for these
			peerages,see the note at the foot of this page
14 Mar 1823		2	Edward Jervis Jervis	1 Apr 1767	25 Sep 1859	92
25 Sep 1859		3	Carnegie Robert John Jervis	12 Aug 1825	19 Jul 1879	53
19 Jul 1879		4	Edward John Leveson Jervis	3 Apr 1850	22 Jan 1885	34
22 Jan 1885		5	Carnegie Parker Jervis	5 Apr 1855	22 Sep 1908	53
22 Sep 1908		6	Ronald Clarges Jervis	3 Dec 1859	16 Feb 1940	80
16 Feb 1940		7	Ronald George James Jervis	3 May 1905	4 Sep 2006	101
4 Sep 2006		8	Edward Robert James Jervis	12 May 1951
			SALFORD
22 Jul 1897	E	1	Wilbraham Egerton,Baron Egerton	17 Jan 1832	16 Mar 1909	77
to			Created Viscount Salford and Earl
16 Mar 1909			Egerton of Tatton 22 Jul 1897
			On his death these creations became extinct
			whilst the barony continued - see
			"Egerton of Tatton"
			SALISBURY
c 1145	E	1	Patrick de Salisbury		27 Mar 1168
			Created Earl of Salisbury c 1145
27 Mar 1168		2	William de Salisbury		17 Apr 1196
17 Apr 1196		3	Isabella		24 Aug 1261
			She married William de Longspee who
			assumed the peerage in her right. He was
			born c 1175 and died 7 Mar 1226
7 Mar 1226		4	William de Longspee		8 Feb 1250
8 Feb 1250		5	William de Longspee		1257
1257		6	Margaret de Lacy		22 Nov 1310
22 Nov 1310		7	Alice Plantagenet		2 Oct 1348
to			Her husband was executed in 1322 when the
1322			peerage reverted to the Crown
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13 Mar 1337	E	1	William de Montacute,3rd Lord Montacute		30 Jan 1344
			Created Earl of Salisbury 13 Mar 1337
30 Jan 1344		2	William de Montacute	25 Jun 1328	3 Jun 1397	68
			KG 1348
3 Jun 1397		3	John de Montacute		7 Jan 1400
to			KG 1397
7 Jan 1400			He was attainted and the peerage forfeited
26 Oct 1409		4	Thomas de Montacute	1388	3 Nov 1428	40
			Restored to the peerage in 1409
			KG 1414
3 Nov 1428		5	Alice		31 Dec 1460
			She married Richard Nevill who assumed
			the peerage in her right
31 Dec 1460		6	Richard Nevill,3rd Earl of Warwick	22 Nov 1428	15 Apr 1471	42
to			On his death the peerage fell into
15 Apr 1471			abeyance
			-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25 Mar 1472	E	1	George Plantagenet,Duke of Clarence	21 Oct 1449
to			Created Earl of Salisbury and Earl of
15 Jan 1478			Warwick 25 Mar 1472
			He was attainted and the peerages
			forfeited
			-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15 Feb 1478	E	1	Edward Plantagenet	1473	31 Mar 1484	10
to			Created Earl of Salisbury 15 Feb 1478
31 Mar 1484			Later created Duke of Cornwall and Prince
			of Wales - peerages extinct on his death
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16 Mar 1485		7	Edward Plantagenet	21 Feb 1474	28 Nov 1499	25
to			Restored to the peerage 1485. He was
28 Nov 1499			attainted and the peerage forfeited
1513		8	Margaret Pole	14 Aug 1473	27 May 1541	67
to			Restored to the peerage 1513. She was
1539			attainted and the peerage forfeited
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 May 1605	E	1	Sir Robert Cecil	1 Jun 1563	24 May 1612	48
			Created Baron Cecil of Essendon
			13 Aug 1603,Viscount Cranborne
			20 Aug 1604 and Earl of Salisbury
			4 May 1605
			MP for Westminster 1584-1585,1586-1587,
			and Hertfordshire 1588,1592-1593,1597-
			1598 and 1601. Secretary of State 1596-
			1612. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
			1597-1599. Lord Privy Seal 1597-1612. Lord
			Lieutenant Hertford 1605. Lord Treasurer
			1608-1612.  KG 1606
24 May 1612		2	William Cecil	Feb 1591	3 Dec 1668	77
			MP for Weymouth 1610-1611. Lord
			Lieutenant Hertford 1612 and Dorset 1642.
			KG 1624
3 Dec 1668		3	James Cecil	1648	Jun 1683	34
			MP for Hertfordshire 1668  KG 1679
Jun 1683		4	James Cecil	Sep 1666	3 Nov 1694	28
3 Nov 1694		5	James Cecil	8 Jun 1691	9 Oct 1728	37
			Lord Lieutenant Hertford 1712-1714
9 Oct 1728		6	James Cecil	20 Oct 1713	19 Sep 1780	66
19 Sep 1780		7	James Cecil	4 Sep 1748	13 Jun 1823	74
24 Aug 1789	M	1	Created Marquess of Salisbury
			24 Aug 1789
			MP for Great Bedwin 1774-1780,Plympton Erle
			1780 and Launceston 1780. Lord Lieutenant
			Hertford 1771-1823. PC 1780  KG 1793
			For information about this peer's wife,see the
			note at the foot of this page
13 Jun 1823		2	James Brownlow William Gascoyne-Cecil	17 Apr 1791	12 Apr 1868	76
			MP for Weymouth 1813-1817 and Hertford
			1817-1823. Lord Lieutenant Middlesex 1841-1868
			Lord Privy Seal 1852. Lord President of
			the Council 1858-1859.  PC 1826  KG 1842
12 Apr 1868		3	Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil	3 Feb 1830	22 Aug 1903	73
			MP for Stamford 1853-1868. Secretary
			of State for India 1866-1867 and 1874-1878
			Foreign Secretary 1878-1880,1885-1886,
			1887-1892 and 1895-1902. Prime Minister
			1885-1886, 1886-1892 and 1895-1902.
			PC 1866  KG 1878
22 Aug 1903		4	James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil	23 Oct 1861	4 Apr 1947	85
			MP for Lancashire NE 1885-1892 and
			Rochester 1893-1903. Lord Privy Seal 1903-
			1905 and 1924-1929. President of the Board
			of Trade 1905. Lord President of the
			Council 1922-1924. Chancellor of the
			Duchy of Lancaster 1922.  PC 1903  KG 1917
4 Apr 1947		5	Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil	27 Aug 1893	23 Feb 1972	78
			MP for Dorset South 1929-1941. Paymaster
			General 1940. Secretary of State for
			Dominions 1940-1942. Secretary of State
			for Colonies 1942. Lord Privy Seal 1942-
			1943 and 1951-1952. Secretary of State for
			Dominions 1943-1945. Secretary of State
			for Commonwealth Relations 1952. Lord
			President of the Council 1952-1957.
			PC 1940  KG 1946
			He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of
			Acceleration as Baron Cecil of Essendon in
			Jan 1941
23 Feb 1972		6	Robert Edward Peter Gascoyne-Cecil	24 Oct 1916	11 Jul 2003	86
			MP for Bournemouth West 1950-1954
11 Jul 2003		7	Robert Michael James Cecil	30 Sep 1946
			MP for Dorset South 1979-1987. Lord Privy Seal
			1994-1997.  PC 1994
			He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of
			Acceleration as Baron Cecil of Essendon in 1992
			SALMON
10 Jan 1972	B[L]	1	Cyril Barnet Salmon	28 Dec 1903	7 Nov 1991	87
to			Created Baron Salmon for life 10 Jan 1972
7 Nov 1991			Lord Justice of Appeal 1964-1972. Lord of
			Appeal in Ordinary 1972-1980   PC 1964
			Peerage extinct on his death
			SALTER
16 Oct 1953	B	1	James Arthur Salter	15 Mar 1881	27 Jun 1975	94
to			Created Baron Salter 16 Oct 1953
27 Jun 1975			MP for Oxford University 1937-1950
			and Ormskirk 1951-1953. Chancellor of
			the Duchy of Lancaster 1945. Minister of
			State for Economic Affairs 1951-1952.
			Minister of Materials   PC 1941
			Peerage extinct on his death
			SALTERSFORD
7 Jun 1796	B	1	James Stopford,Earl of Courtown	28 May 1731	30 Mar 1810	78
			Created Baron Saltersford 7 Jun 1796
			See "Courtown"
			SALTOUN
28 Jun 1445	B[S]	1	Laurence Abernethy		13 Mar 1460
			Created Lord Saltoun 28 Jun 1445
13 Mar 1460		2	William Abernethy		Jun 1488
Jun 1488		3	James Abernethy		1505
1505		4	Alexander Abernethy		Jun 1527
Jun 1527		5	William Abernethy		Dec 1543
Dec 1543		6	Alexander Abernethy	1537	Apr 1587	49
Apr 1587		7	George Abernethy	c 1555	27 Apr 1590
27 Apr 1590		8	John Abernethy	c 1577	21 Sep 1612
21 Sep 1612		9	Alexander Abernethy	26 Mar 1611	18 Dec 1668	57
18 Dec 1668		10	Alexander Fraser	Mar 1604	11 Aug 1693	89
11 Aug 1693		11	William Fraser	21 Nov 1654	18 Mar 1715	60
18 Mar 1715		12	Alexander Fraser	1684	24 Jul 1748	64
24 Jul 1748		13	Alexander Fraser	1710	10 Oct 1751	41
10 Oct 1751		14	George Fraser	10 Oct 1720	30 Aug 1781	60
30 Aug 1781		15	Alexander Fraser	27 Jun 1758	12 Sep 1793	35
12 Sep 1793		16	Alexander George Fraser	22 Apr 1785	18 Jul 1853	68
			KT 1852
18 Jul 1853		17	Alexander Fraser	5 May 1820	1 Feb 1886	65
1 Feb 1886		18	Alexander William Frederick Fraser	8 Aug 1851	19 Jun 1933	81
19 Jun 1933		19	Alexander Arthur Fraser	8 Mar 1886	31 Aug 1979	93
31 Aug 1979		20	Flora Marjory Ramsay	18 Oct 1930
			SAMPSON
28 Dec 1299	B	1	William Sampson		after 1299
to			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
after 1299			Sampson 28 Dec 1299
			Peerage extinct on his death
			SAMUEL
8 Jun 1937	V	1	Herbert Louis Samuel	6 Nov 1870	5 Feb 1963	92
			Created Viscount Samuel 8 Jun 1937
			MP for Cleveland 1902-1918 and Darwen
			1929-1935. Chancellor of the Duchy of
			Lancaster 1909-1910 and 1915-1916.
			Postmaster General 1910-1914 and 1915-
			1916. Home Secretary 1916 and 1931-1932.
			PC 1908  OM 1958
5 Feb 1963		2	Edwin Herbert Samuel	11 Sep 1898	14 Nov 1978	80
14 Nov 1978		3	David Herbert Samuel	8 Jul 1922
			SAMUEL OF WYCH CROSS
3 Jul 1972	B[L]	1	Harold Samuel	23 Apr 1912	28 Aug 1987	75
to			Created Baron Samuel of Wych Cross for life
28 Aug 1987			3 Jul 1972
			Peerage extinct on his death
			SANDBERG
2 Oct 1997	B[L]	1	Michael Graham Ruddock Sandberg	31 May 1927
			Created Baron Sandberg for life 2 Oct 1997
			SANDERSON
20 Dec 1905	B	1	Thomas Henry Sanderson	11 Jan 1841	21 Mar 1923	82
to			Created Baron Sanderson 20 Dec 1905
21 Mar 1923			Peerage extinct on his death
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18 Jun 1930	B	1	Henry Sanderson Furniss	1 Oct 1868	25 Mar 1939	70
to			Created Baron Sanderson 18 Jun 1930
25 Mar 1939			Peerage extinct on his death
			Lord Sanderson was blind from birth
			SANDERSON OF AYOT
4 Jul 1960	B	1	Basil Sanderson	19 Jun 1894	15 Aug 1971	77
			Created Baron Sanderson of Ayot
			4 Jul 1960
15 Aug 1971		2	Alan Lindsay Sanderson	1931
to			He disclaimed the peerage for life 28 Sep 1971
28 Sep 1971
			SANDERSON OF BOWDEN
5 Jun 1985	B[L]	1	Charles Russell Sanderson	30 Apr 1933
			Created Baron Sanderson of Bowden
			for life 5 Jun 1985
			SANDFORD
20 Jan 1891	B	1	Francis Richard John Sandford	14 May 1824	31 Dec 1893	69
to			Created Baron Sandford 20 Jan 1891
31 Dec 1893			PC 1885
			Peerage extinct on his death
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14 Jul 1945	B	1	Albert James Edmondson	29 Jun 1886	16 May 1959	72
			Created Baron Sandford 14 Jul 1945
			MP for Banbury 1922-1945
16 May 1959		2	John Cyril Edmondson	22 Dec 1920	13 Jan 2009	88
13 Jan 2009		3	James John Mowbray Edmondson	1 Jul 1949
			SANDHURST
28 Mar 1871	B	1	William Rose Mansfield	21 Jun 1819	23 Jun 1876	57
			PC [I] 1870
			Created Baron Sandhurst 28 Mar 1871
23 Jun 1876		2	William Mansfield	21 Aug 1855	2 Nov 1921	66
1 Jan 1917	V	1	Created Viscount Sandhurst 1 Jan 1917
to			Governor of Bombay 1895-1899. PC 1906
8 Nov 1921			On his death the Viscountcy became extinct
			whilst the Barony passed to -
8 Nov 1921		3	John William Mansfield	10 Jul 1857	6 Jan 1933	75
6 Jan 1933		4	Ralph Sheldon Mansfield	19 Jul 1892	28 Oct 1964	72
28 Oct 1964		5	John Edward Terence Mansfield	4 Sep 1920	2 Jun 2002	81
2 Jun 2002		6	Guy Rhys John Mansfield	3 Mar 1949
			SANDON
19 Jul 1809	V	1	Dudley Ryder,Baron Harrowby	22 Dec 1762	26 Dec 1847	85
			Created Viscount Sandon and Earl of
			Harrowby 19 Jul 1809
			See "Harrowby"
			SANDWICH
12 Jul 1660	E	1	Edward Montagu	27 Jul 1625	28 May 1672	46
			Created Baron Montagu of St.Neots,
			Viscount Hinchingbrooke and Earl of
			Sandwich 12 Jul 1660
			MP for Huntingdonshire 1644-1647,1653,
			1654 and 1656 and Dover 1660. KG 1660
			Lord Lieutenant Huntingdon 1660-1672
28 May 1672		2	Edward Montagu	3 Jan 1648	29 Nov 1688	40
			MP for Dover 1670-1672. Lord Lieutenant
			Huntingdon 1683-1685 and Cambridge 1685-
			1687
29 Nov 1688		3	Edward Montagu	10 Apr 1670	20 Oct 1729	59
20 Oct 1729		4	John Montagu	13 Nov 1718	30 Apr 1792	73
			First Lord of the Admiralty 1748-1751,1763
			and 1771-1782. Secretary of State 1763-
			1765 and 1770-1771  PC 1749
30 Apr 1792		5	John Montagu	26 Jan 1743	6 Jun 1814	71
			MP for Brackley 1765-1768 and
			Huntingdonshire 1768-1792.  PC 1771
6 Jun 1814		6	George Montagu	4 Feb 1773	21 May 1818	45
			MP for Huntingdonshire 1794-1814
21 May 1818		7	John William Montagu	8 Nov 1811	3 Mar 1884	72
			Lord Lieutenant Huntingdon 1841-1884
			PC 1852
3 Mar 1884		8	Edward George Henry Montagu	13 Jul 1839	26 Jun 1916	76
			MP for Huntingdon 1876-1884
			Lord Lieutenant Huntingdon 1891-1916
26 Jun 1916		9	George Charles Montagu	29 Dec 1874	15 Jun 1962	87
			MP for Huntingdon 1900-1906. Lord
			Lieutenant Huntingdon 1922-1946
15 Jun 1962		10	Alexander Victor Edward Paulet Montagu	22 May 1906	25 Feb 1995	88
to			MP for Dorset South 1941-1962
24 Jul 1964			He disclaimed the peerage for life 24 Jul 1964
25 Feb 1995		11	John Edward Hollister Montagu	11 Apr 1943
			SANDYS
20 Dec 1743	B	1	Samuel Sandys	10 Aug 1695	21 Apr 1770	74
			Created Baron Sandys 20 Dec 1743
			MP for Worcester 1718-1743. Chancellor
			of the Exchequer 1742-1743. President of
			the Board of Trade 1761-1763.  PC 1742
21 Apr 1770		2	Edwin Sandys	18 Apr 1726	11 Mar 1797	70
to			MP for Droitwich 1747-1754, Bossiney
11 Mar 1797			1754-1762 and Westminster 1762-1770
			Peerage extinct on his death
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19 Jun 1802	B	1	Mary Hill	19 Sep 1774	1 Aug 1836	61
			Created Baroness Sandys 19 Jun 1802
1 Aug 1836		2	Arthur Moyses William Hill	10 Jan 1793	16 Jul 1860	67
			MP for Down 1817-1836.
16 Jul 1860		3	Arthur Marcus Cecil Sandys	28 Jan 1798	10 Apr 1863	65
			MP for Newry 1832-1835 and Evesham
			1838-1852  PC 1841
10 Apr 1863		4	Augustus Frederick Arthur Sandys	1 Mar 1840	26 Jul 1904	64
26 Jul 1904		5	Michael Edwin Sandys Sandys	31 Dec 1855	4 Aug 1948	92
4 Aug 1948		6	Arthur Fitzgerald Sandys Hill	4 Dec 1876	24 Nov 1961	84
24 Nov 1961		7	Richard Michael Oliver Hill	21 Jul 1931	11 Feb 2013	81
11 Feb 2013		8	Arthur Francis Nicholas Wills Hill,9th Marquess
			of Downshire	4 Feb 1959
			He had previously [2003] succeeded to the
			Marquessate of Downshire,with which title this
			peerage then merged
			Victoria-Josefa Sackville-West, wife of the 3rd Baron Sackville (1862-1936)
			The following is extracted from "The Emperor of the United States of America and Other
			Magnificent British Eccentrics" by Catherine Caufield (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1981)
			Spanish passion and Anglo-Saxon reserve were united in Lady Sackville - the illegitimate child
			of a Latin dancer [Josefa de la Oliva] and an English diplomat [the 2nd Baron Sackville - she
			therefore married her cousin] - to create a contradictory and unpredictable temperament. Her
			attitude towards money, for example, veered without warning from reckless indulgence to
			extreme parsimony. In certain moods money slipped through her hands like water; she once
			absentmindedly left a £10,000 cheque from J P Morgan made out to bearer in a taxi; on another
			occasion a stranger whom she met on the forty-minute train journey from London to Sevenoaks
			and never again laid eyes on persuaded her to invest £60,000 in a gold mine. In neither case
			was the money recovered.
			On the other hand for a time she took to cutting up used postage stamps and piecing together
			the non-postmarked bits to save the cost of a new stamp. She also economised by writing
			letters on filched hotel notepaper, and on one occasion on a slice of cooked ham. She was
			especially pleased with toilet paper pinched from Harrod's ladies' room. She corresponded
			regularly on this for quite some time and praised it to her daughter, the writer Vita Sackville-
			West, for taking ink so nicely.
			Lady Sackville was a high-spirited woman, capable of being utterly charming, but with a quick,
			if short-lived, temper. Those closest to her, her servants and her family, suffered the brunt of
			her mood changes, though they did not always take it lying down: several times the entire
			household staff resigned en masse. One much loved nanny was summarily dismissed on
			suspicion of having eaten three-dozen quail which had not arrived in time for a dinner party.
			Fresh air was one of Lady Sackville's great passions. She never had a fire in her room, kept the
			windows and doors at Knole always open, and insisted upon taking her meals outdoors in all
			weathers. Often a meal with her meant sitting wrapped in fur coats with a hot water bottle on
			one's knees and a rug draped over one's lap. A lamp provided some light in the darkness and
			illuminated the drifting snowflakes as they piled up on the food and the cutlery. The
			compensation for all this was Lady Sackville saying cosily, 'Now, aren't you deliciously warm?'
			Luckily, she was apparently immune to colds; her favourite remedy for sore throats was to tie
			a pair of the architect Edwin Lutyens' old socks around her neck.
			Knole, the ancient Sackville home in the Kentish countryside, was Lady Sackville's pride and joy.
			There and at various smaller houses she had bought and sold over the years, she was able to
			put her peculiar notions of interior decoration into practice. One bedroom at Knole was papered
			entirely with postage stamps. The risers of a staircase at another house were painted to look
			like bookshelves. The Persian Room was furnished completely with objects from Turkey, a
			geographical contradiction which Lady Sackville absolutely refused to acknowledge. She took
			great trouble over minor details, and had a special individually designed bookplate printed for
			each book she owned.
			Her daughter Vita was of course a distinguished gardener, as well as a writer, but Lady
			Sackville preferred artificial flowers. Tin delphiniums were among her favourites because, as
			she explained to Vita, they are always in bloom and never plagued by slugs. Rather than planting
			living things, she often landscaped using only potted plants and porcelain flowers. On one
			occasion when Vita was coming to lunch, Lady Sackville's garden looked particularly dismal and,
			wanting to make a show for her daughter, she sent a friend out to buy £30 worth of paper and
			satin flowers which she 'planted' in an artistic arrangement in the bare earth.
			An expensive lawsuit about the Sackville title had eaten into the family's fortune [for further
			details see below] and Lady Sackville worried constantly that Knole's upkeep would become too
			expensive for them. When Lionel, her husband, was called up for the First World War, she wrote
			directly to Lord Kitchener saying that he must not be posted to a dangerous position as Knole
			could not possibly survive the massive death duties that would fall due if he was killed.
			Later she wrote to complain that Knole was being deprived of its staff by the call-up: 'I think
			perhaps you do not realize, my dear Lord K., that we employ five carpenters and four painters
			and two blacksmiths and two footmen and you are taking them all from us! I do not complain
			about the footmen, although I must say that I had never thought I would see parlourmaids
			at Knole!…….Dear Lord K., I am sure you will sympathize with me when I say that parlourmaids
			are so middle-class, not at all what you and me are used to. But, as I said, that is not what I
			complain about……I know that we must give an example. You are at the War Office and must
			neglect your dear Broome [Kitchener's house], which you love so much. I think you love it as
			much as I love Knole? and of course you must love it even more because the world says you
			have never loved any woman - is that true? I shall ask you next time I come to luncheon with
			you. But talking about luncheon reminds me of parlourmaids, and I said that I would not
			complain about them (because I am patriotic after all) but I do complain about the way you
			take our workmen from us.'
			The distinction between charitable enterprises and profit-making ones eluded Lady Sackville. She
			was not in the least shy of soliciting funds on her own behalf - sometimes without actually
			saying so. The energy, invention and ruthless charm she put into such enterprises was
			staggering. One of her pet 'charities' in later years was The Homeless Sleeping on Brighton
			Beach, an organisation which was not registered with the Charity Commissioners and of which
			she was the only known member or beneficiary.
			In 1928 she wrote letters to all her acquaintances asking for donations to her Roof of Friendship
			Fund. Each person was asked to give the price of a tile to be dedicated to his or her friendship
			with Lady Sackville and to form with all the others an inspirational symbol of friendship to replace
			her distinctly uninspiring and leaky roof. Quite a few did contribute, but she was furious with
			[the painter] William Nicholson, who had the effrontery to send in a real tile.
			Later on came the Million Penny Fund, designed to eliminate the National Debt. Lady Sackville
			perused the papers for mentions of famous people celebrating their birthdays and wrote asking
			them to contribute one penny for each year of their life. The form letter she had written for
			the purpose ended with a plea: ' and do give me stamped envelopes which means one for my
			begging letter, one for having the pleasure of thanking you, and one for a fresh VICTIM.'
			Another time she decided to hold a white elephant sale. 'You know, people have them at
			bazaars,' she told Vita, 'but I shall have this one for myself. And then I thought as elephants
			come from Siam I would write to the King and ask him for a white one.' To the surprise of
			everyone but Lady Sackville, the King of Siam replied with a gift of a small but valuable solid-
			silver elephant.
			***************
			In May 1903, an action was brought by Ernest Henri Jean Baptiste Sackville West against
			the then Lord Sackville. His case was that he was the lawful and eldest son of Lord Sackville;
			that Sackville had married Josephine Duran de Ortega in 1864 or 1865 either in Spain or in
			France; and that he had been born on 24 June 1869. For his part, Sackville denied that he had
			ever been married and further stated that Josephine had previously married, in 1851, one Juan
			Antonio Gabriel de la Oliva and that, at the time of her alleged marriage to Sackville, she was
			still married to de la Oliva.
			There is no doubt that Josephine had been Sackville's mistress for many years and that she had
			been the mother of three of his children, including Victoria-Josefa, who was therefore the
			claimant's older sister.
			The claim was finally rejected by the Probate Court in February 1910. The following extract is
			from 'The Times' of 15 February 1910.
			'Pepita, the mother of the claimant, was, somewhere about the fifties [i.e. the 1850s], a
			fascinating dancer "with glorious black eyes and hair", the idol of Madrid, with admirers where-
			ever she went. The German students took the horses out of her carriage and drew it, to show
			perhaps their opinion that she was another or a better Lola Montez. She had many of the
			triumphs of a danseuse and one day she danced away the heart of a young Englishman, a
			diplomatist, the heir to a peerage and an ancient title. His was no fugitive fancy. They lived
			together for many years, and children were born to them. But they were not married. They
			could not be so. There was abundant evidence that in 1851 she became the wife of a Spanish
			dancer, de Oliva. The certificate of her marriage was found among her papers at her death.
			The late Lord Sackville, who had been told of the marriage to Oliva, stated that he was anxious
			to marry her if her husband was out of the way, 'but I never did marry her, or go through any
			form of marriage with her.' While they lived together his intimate friends knew the true state of
			things, which he did not conceal from them. When he went to Washington the Diplomatic Circle
			was made aware that his children were not legitimate. After her death he did his duty towards
			them, but not at the expense of truth. The late peer had his faults, but he was kind, not only to
			his children, but to Pepita. He no doubt introduced her and spoke of her as his wife. He
			registered his children as legitimate, and she was buried as his wife. The explanation of this was
			simple; he desired to spare her feelings while she lived and to respect her memory when she
			died. He knew that his friends were well acquainted with the facts; in business matters he took
			care to state the truth; and letter after letter from him, unequivocal as to his children's
			positions, was put in evidence.'
			***************
			While viewing the Wallace Collection in 1897, Lady Sackville first met Sir John Murray Scott. For
			further information on him, see the note at the foot of the page containing details of the
			Wallace baronetcy created in 1871. Following the deaths of his mentor, Sir Richard Wallace and
			his wife, Scott had inherited over a million pounds in cash and securities, two valuable estates
			in Britain and the historic pavilion of Bagatelle in Paris, once owned by Marie Antoinette.
			A friendship developed between Sir John and Lady Sackville. She visited Paris to view the
			collection of Marie Antoinette's furniture at Bagatelle; he, in turn, visited Knole to see the art
			treasures there. Once the litigation outlined above had commenced, Sir John was anxious that
			none of the collection at Knole be sold to meet the costs of the court case. Accordingly, he
			advanced the sums necessary to fight the case.
			When Sir John died in 1912, he left an estate valued at £1,180,000. In his will, he left Lady
			Sackville £150,000 in cash and the magnificent art collection at his house in Paris, valued at
			£350,000. Sir John's four brothers and two sisters were furious when they heard of this, and
			this fury was increased when they realised that the bequest was tax-free, meaning that any
			taxation would have to be paid by the residue of the estate. They claimed that, after paying
			this tax, the value of the remaining estate would be negligible.
			They therefore contested the will and the case became famous as 'The Million Pound Case'
			when it opened in the Probate Court in June 1913. Lady Sackville was represented by Sir
			Edward Carson, later Baron Carson, and the Scotts by F E Smith, later Earl of Birkenhead.
			The Scotts maintained that the amount advanced to the Sackvilles to fight their court case
			was nearly £90,000. They alleged that Lady Sackville had insinuated herself into Sir John's
			good graces and had completely mesmerised him. She had become virtual mistress of his home
			in Connaught Place, choosing his guests, riding in his carriages, managing his servants and once
			even banishing one of his sisters from the table during a dinner party. One of the brothers,
			Walter Scott, accused her of trying to trap him into a love affair in order to turn Sir John
			against him.
			The Scotts were forced to admit, under questioning by Carson, that Sir John had been most
			generous to them in his lifetime. To one he had given a fully-stocked farm worth £57,000
			with a allowance of £2,000 a year. Another brother admitted receiving £26,000.
			It took the jury only 12 minutes to find in favour of Lady Sackville. Contrary to Sir John's good
			intentions however, and proving her fickle nature, she reputedly lost no time in selling the art
			treasures, obtaining, it is said, some £270,000 from a Paris art dealer.
			Osborne de Vere Beauclerk, 12th Duke of St. Albans
			The following is extracted from "The Emperor of the United States of America and Other
			Magnificent British Eccentrics" by Catherine Caufield (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1981)
			'Obby', as his friends called him, took little part in public life; in fact, his forays into that arena
			seem mostly to have been motivated by a gleeful desire to cause havoc. He held the hereditary
			post of Grand Falconer and proposed attending the 1953 Coronation with a live falcon on his
			wrist. When the organisers suggested a stuffed bird instead, he boycotted the ceremony.
			Parishioners at the church near his home in Ireland remember him snoozing through sermons
			with a handkerchief over his face, rousing himself occasionally to shout out "Rubbish!"
			He married late in life and never had any legitimate children, partly for fear of passing on a
			streak of madness that ran in his branch of the family. About illegitimate children, however, he
			had no such inhibitions, and boasted of having large numbers of them. Obby professed to be
			unsure of exactly how many he had. On one occasion a certain baronet and his wife who were
			lunching with the Duke were mystified to hear him repeatedly muttering to a friend in very
			audible asides "What do you think? Is he one of mine?"
			His sense of decorum was strict, if unpredictable. Once, when his wife was late coming down to
			a lunch, Obby gave her seat to a man who had come to check the fire extinguishers and when
			she did appear he refused to allow her to join the table. He expected the hall porter at his club,
			Brooks's, to wind his watch for him, holding out his arm and saying "there's a good fellow."
			Once, while he was eating in a hotel restaurant, a fire broke out. The Duke remained at his table
			and when urged by the waiters to escape, he replied "Nonsense! Bring me some more toast."
			On the other hand the ducal dignity was allowed to slip rather badly when on a visit to Lord
			Dunraven he arrived carrying only a toothbrush and a pair of pyjamas in a brown paper bag.
			Obby lived to be 89, with little thought of growing old gracefully. At 83, he took a freighter to
			the US, crossed the country by Greyhound bus, and toured Latin America, travelling second
			class all the way. A newspaper interview two years previously in which he expressed a desire
			for a young wife brought him 68 offers of marriage, including a number of titled and highly
			eligible ladies. He opted for continued singleness, the state in which eccentricity and
			crotchetiness best thrive.
			Charles Frederick Aubrey de Vere Beauclerk, 13th Duke of St. Albans
			At the time he succeeded to the Dukedom, Charles Beauclerk was employed in the film division
			of the Central Office of Information, having previously contributed articles to the Evening Star
			newspaper and lived in rented accommodation.
			Once he succeeded to the title, his immediate ambition was to use the title to advance his
			business prospects. However, he showed poor judgement in his choice of business colleagues
			and, after a series of financial scandals, he was forced to admit that his involvement in the
			world of commerce had brought him nothing but grief. In December 1973, when he was chairman
			of Grendon Trust, he was severely criticized by the UK Department of Trade over his actions
			during a takeover bid. The Duke held a 3.9% holding in Grendon which he sold, despite having
			given an undertaking not to sell without advance notice to the Grendon board. The Takeover
			concluded that, although they had no reason to believe that the Duke acted from improper
			motives, they could not avoid the conclusion that the sale of the Duke's shares was prejudicial
			to the interests of other Grendon shareholders and was therefore open to serious criticism.
			The Duke was reported to have made £793,000 from the sale of his shares.
			After the Inland Revenue sued him for £182,000 in 1978, he sold his two houses in Chelsea and
			went to live in southern France, returning regularly to London to have his hair cut at the Ritz.
			Edward Henry John Cornwallis Eliot, styled Baron Eliot, son and heir of the 5th Earl
			of Saint Germans
			Lord Eliot committed suicide on 24 August 1909. The following obituary appeared in 'The
			Times' on 25 August:-
			'Lord Eliot, elder son and heir of the Earl of St.Germans, was found shot dead at the family seat,
			Port Eliot, St.Germans, Cornwall, yesterday.
			'Lord Eliot was a subaltern in the Coldstream Guards and had been serving with his battalion,
			the third, at Khartoum. He went out in January last and recently came home on sick leave, but
			was not believed to be in a serious state of ill-health. He had, however, felt the effects of the
			climate of the Sudan. He was an enthusiastic cricketer, and had, during his stay at home, taken
			part in several matches. It had been arranged that a team from Plymouth should go down to
			St.Germans yesterday for a match. On the arrival at St.Germans of Major Cawdor and his team
			from Plymouth, Lord Eliot could not be found, and search was made for him. About 2 o'clock
			his dead body was found in the gun-room. Lord Eliot had been shot through the head, and an
			empty cartridge case was found in one of the barrels of a double-barrelled gun which was
			beside the body. Lord Eliot was personally very popular in the district, and his death has caused
			great regret.
			'Edward Henry John Cornwallis, Lord Eliot, was born on August 30, 1885, so that he was within
			a few days of completing his 24th year. He was educated at Eton and Magdalene College,
			Cambridge, and was gazetted an ensign in the Coldstream Guards in May last year. His younger
			brother, the Hon. John Granville Cornwallis, who was born in June, 1890, and is a cadet at
			Sandhurst, now becomes heir to the title.'
			Nicholas Richard Michael Eliot, 9th Earl of Saint Germans
			St. Germans (or Lord Eliot as he was known until 1960) was dubbed the 'Bookie Peer'. Having
			participated in horse racing as an owner and trainer, he opened a turf commission agency in
			1950. In 1953, he was called as a witness in the 'Francasal affair' where a racecourse gang
			ran a horse named Francasal at the Bath races in the name of a considerably slower horse
			called Santa Amaro. Shortly before the start of the race, the gang placed bets totalling
			£6,000 on 'Santa Amaro'. The ring-in duly won, but the circumstances aroused suspicion and
			payment of bets was withheld. The gang were later found guilty and imprisoned. In his evidence
			at the trial, St. Germans testified that one of the conspirators had come to him with 'quite a
			childish suggestion'; that the wife of the Chief Constable of Bath should be presented with a fur
			coat. St. Germans immediately informed Scotland Yard of this approach.
			After he succeeded to the title in 1960, St. Germans migrated to Tangier as a tax exile. There
			he called himself the 'Tangerine Earl'. He was a popular figure among the locals but admitted
			that there were things he missed about England, including treacle tart and a decent game of
			backgammon. In 1963, he fired an unauthorized gun in the Safari Bar, for which he spent a night
			in a police cell.
			The Saint Leonards Will case of 1875-1876
			The following article, written by Dalrymple Belgrave, is taken from a series entitled "Romances
			of High Life" published in the 'Manchester Times' in 1898:-
			'The Lord Chancellors are a long-lived race. Lord Lyndhurst lived to ninety-one, Lord Brougham
			to eighty-nine, and Lord Chelmsford to an old age, but the oldest ex-Chancellor of late years
			was Edward Burtenshaw Sugden, the first Lord St. Leonards, who was over 70 in 1852, when he
			was made Lord Chancellor by Lord Derby, and who lived for 23 years after that great event in
			his life. Lord St. Leonards, when the time came for him to go into the House of Commons as a
			step in the career of a great lawyer, had probably troubled himself very little about politics.
			Unlike Lord Lyndhurst, who was always interested in politics, or Lord Brougham, of whom it was
			said that if he had known some law he would have known a little of everything, Lord St.
			Leonards was a great lawyer, who was interested in nothing but law. He served the Tory party
			by the great ability he showed when he was their law officer, and amused it when he was in
			Opposition by losing no opportunity, in the law courts, of exposing the ignorance of law of the
			Whig Chancellor, Lord Brougham, but he took little part in debates.
			'He was always loyal to his party, though his promotion came very slowly. In 1829 he was made
			by the Duke of Wellington Solicitor-General. In 1834 Sir Robert Peel gave him the Irish
			Chancellorship. After that he went back to the Bar and the House of Commons. After he was
			made Chancellor in 1852, he did not hold that office for long, as the Ministry only lasted a few
			months. Six years later Lord Derby came into office, and again offered the old lawyer the
			woolsack, but he considered that at 77 he was too old for the responsibilities of office. For
			years after that, however, he did a great deal of work in the House of Lords as a law lord, while
			he also was of great service to his country in the House as a law reformer. Towards the end of
			his life, however, he lived most of his time at Boyle Farm, near Thames Ditton, which was the
			place he had chosen as his home. He was a man of humble birth, for his father was a hair-
			dresser, but for years he had had a large practice at the bar, and he had made a great deal of
			money, a large portion of which he had invested in the purchases of landed estates.
			'He had bought the Childerly Hall Estate, Cambridgeshire, which had a rent roll of £1,580 a year,
			Sutton Scotney, Hampshire, with £1,200 a year, Peaswood, Berkshire £1,200		1,200 a year, Filgate,
			Sussex, worth £283 a year, and Boyle Farm and some land, worth £405 a year. Boyle Farm was
			his residence, and he had spent a good deal of money in improving and furnishing the house.
			Some years after he bought Boyle Farm he purchased another estate, Kingsdown, in Sussex.
			When he was a young man, a year after he had been called to the Bar, he had married. He had
			a family of three sons and five daughters. Two of his sons, the eldest (Henry) and the youngest
			(Arthur), died in his lifetime. Both, however, had married and left sons, and all his daughters but
			one were married. This daughter, the Hon. Miss Charlotte Sugden, was her father's constant
			companion. During his busy life at the Bar, the old Chancellor had written several great law
			books, and in his old age he devoted a great deal of time to a work which he called "The Handy-
			Book of Real Property Law." The idea of this book was that it should explain the law of real
			property - which had occupied the great lawyer's life - to unlearned readers, and make most of
			its intricacies and difficulties easy for them to understand. To some extent he may be said to
			have succeeded in doing this, for the book is admirably clear. In doing this work it was his
			custom to use his daughter, Miss Sugden, as his amanuensis and assistant. He would read over
			what he had written to her, and explain it, and when he saw that she perfectly understood it
			he would say that the general public ought to understand what he had written. Possibly he was
			over-confident in this respect, for Miss Sugden seems to have had no small talent for the
			branch of learning in which her father so greatly excelled.
			'The book is written in the form of letters to some person whom the writer is supposed to be
			anxious to instruct. There is one of them which has a curious interest, considering what
			afterwards happened. It relates to the subject of wills. "I am somewhat unwilling," he writes,
			"to give you instructions for making your will without the assistance of your professional legal
			adviser. It is quite shocking to reflect on the litigation that had been caused by men making
			their own wills or employing incompetent persons to do so, to save a few guineas. Looking at it
			as a money transaction, lawyers might be in despair if everyone's will was prepared by a
			competent person." In another place in his book he discusses the new regulations of the Probate
			Office, which not only takes care of the wills of deceased persons, but also provides repositories
			where people can, if they choose, place their own wills for safe custody. "If you are from time to
			time likely to alter your will, I should advise you not to place it within this depository. If I were a
			devisee of a living testator I should like to hear that the will was in the new depository. The
			expense and difficulty of the gathering of the will out of this custody would deter many men
			from capriciously altering their donations."
			'Possibly Lord St. Leonards thought that his warning against people making their own wills do not
			apply to the case of an ex-Lord Chancellor, who probably knew more about the law on the
			subject than any man alive, and yet he was destined to prove the truth of the old adage about
			the sort of client that the man has who is his own lawyer. Lord St. Leonards will was an object
			of art, on which he spent much time, and he probably could not stand the idea of any other
			lawyer having anything to do with it. He had made a will in 1867, in which he had left all his
			landed estate in trust for his grandson - who would succeed him in the peerage - for his life,
			with remainders to his first and other sons, and with other remainders, so that as far as the
			estate could be settled it would go with the peerage. He made his pictures and objects of art
			at Boyle Farm heirlooms, and he gave to his daughter, Miss Charlotte Sugden, a legacy of
			£6,000, and directed that she should have from his farm stock two cows, to be selected by
			herself, from his conservatory two dozen plants, and two dozen bottles of his old sherry.
			'On January 13th, 1870, Miss Sugden noticed that her father was very busy with his papers, and
			that he had the will of 1867 before him. When she called him to luncheon he would not suspend
			his labours, but he went on writing until he had finished, and then he expressed his pleasure at
			having completed his will. He then read slowly over to her what he had written. This began:
			"This is an addition to my will," and it disposed of the Kingsdown Estate, which he had then
			lately bought, and which was worth about £1,200 a year, to his living son, Frank, who was a
			clergyman. It gave certain other legacies, and named his daughter, Charlotte Sugden, and two
			married daughters, Caroline Turner and Augusta Reilly, his residuary legatees. This, with the will
			of 1867, covered sixteen sheets of blue paper, which were pinned together. After he had made
			his will he locked it in his will box. On March 3rd, 1870, he added a codicil to his will; on July 4th,
			1871, a second codicil; September 15th, 1871, a third; a few days afterwards he made another
			codicil, and he made a fifth codicil on November 27th, 1871. These codicils were not of much
			importance, except that one of them left three meadows at Thames Ditton to Miss Sugden, on
			one of which in 1873 she built a house. On March 25th, 1872, however, he made a codicil which
			was of much more importance, for it most materially altered the position of his heir. It had
			happened that in 1870 his grandson, who was then little more than of age, had at Rome met a
			young lady, and had become engaged to marry her. Now, Lord St. Leonards had a great
			objection to the idea of his grandson's marrying. First of all, he considered he was too young;
			but a more serious or more lasting objection was the trouble that it would give to draw his
			marriage settlements.
			'The old ex-Chancellor probably felt that he was too old to set about drawing the marriage
			settlement for his heir, and at the same time he probably did not like the idea of their being
			drawn by anyone else. The one way of obviating this difficulty that he saw seems to have been
			that his grandson should not marry. When he became engaged to marry in 1870, the old lord
			became very angry, but he managed to break off the engagement. To do this he prepared a
			codicil leaving his grandson only £800 a year. A copy of this was sent to his daughter-in-law,
			Mrs. Henry Sugden, the young man's mother, but when the young lady's friends heard that Lord
			St. Leonards disapproved of the marriage they at once broke off the engagement, and the
			grandfather and grandson became reconciled and the codicil was destroyed. In 1872, however,
			the young man again became engaged, and this occasioned the sixth codicil, which was
			executed in March, 1872.
			'By this codicil he left Sutton Scotney to his son Frank, while he left Filgate to Mrs. Henry
			Sugden, and afterwards to her younger sons. A month or so afterwards, he made another
			codicil, leaving Boyle Farm to his son Frank. On August 20th, 1873, he made a last codicil,
			confirming all the dispositions he had made in favour of his daughter, Miss Sugden, and leaving
			her some further property. Miss Charlotte Sugden was present at the execution of all of these
			codicils, and on each occasion she saw the will, and on several occasions she read it over to
			her father. As her father locked up the will after he had put the eighth codicil to it, he said:
			"There, I have done the last earthly thing I wish." All the codicils were written on loose sheets
			of paper, which were put in the folds of the will. The will has put into a small despatch box,
			which was kept in the room in which her father generally sat and wrote. It was locked up, and
			the key was locked up in a drawer of an escritoire, the key of which Lord St. Leonards always
			kept. After some time the box was kept for safety in Miss Sugden's bedroom.
			'Lord St. Leonards had been much annoyed by a series of hoaxes which he had been made the
			object of. Things had been sent him which he had never ordered. Amongst other things which
			had been sent was a monument with a false inscription to the late Lady St. Leonards.
			Detectives had been employed to find out who the evilly disposed person was, but they had not
			discovered the culprit. In the year 1874, Lord St. Leonards became very ill, and during his illness
			told Miss Sugden that he had been trying to remember how he had left his estates. She then
			repeated to him how he had disposed of them. He listened, and then said: "That is exactly as I
			desire." From this illness he got better again, and he sometimes would say to his daughter how
			pleased he was to think that he had settled his earthly affairs. He would say that he thought it
			to be the duty of every man to make a disposition of his property in such a manner as to
			prevent litigation, and he considered that he had done so. At the beginning of 1875, he was
			taken ill again, and on January 29th he died. A very short time before he died he said to his
			daughter that if he thought that he had not left her everything she desired he should not die
			happy.
			'Towards the end of her father's life Miss Sugden generally kept the keys that unlocked the will
			box, and on only one occasion did she part with them. That was when she went to Brighton for
			[a] change of air, after an illness in 1873, when she gave them to her brother Frank, taking
			them back when she returned. After the death, Mr. Trollope, the family lawyer, went to Boyle
			Farm, and, having been given the keys in the presence of the family, he opened the will box.
			The will, however, was not in the will box. There were the eight codicils, but the will itself was
			not there, and no one could find it. Mr. Trollope, the lawyer, knew that Miss Sugden was well
			acquainted with her father's affairs, and had often seen the will, and he at once suggested that
			it would be best for her to write down all she remembered of the will. She at once went away
			from the others, and, without speaking to anyone, she sat down and wrote out all she
			remembered. In the meantime the house was searched, but in vain. The young Lord St. Leonards
			properly enough left the task of looking for the will to the other members of the family. A reward
			of £500 was offered for the will, but no one gave any information about it. One thing was learnt
			that was rather curious. It had been believed that no one could open the will box except the
			person who had in his possession the key of the escritoire, where the key of the will box was
			locked up. When a search was made, however, it was found that there were at least three
			other keys in the house that would open that drawer. If any members of the family had any
			suspicion they kept them to themselves. Had the old ex-Chancellor destroyed his will with the
			intention of revoking it? To believe that he had done so without making another will would be
			to believe that he wished all his landed estates to go absolutely to his grandson, the second
			Lord St. Leonards, so that he should be able to deal with them exactly as he chose.
			'Of course, if the will had been revoked, the codicils which depended upon it would also have
			become of no effect. To leave all his landed property absolutely to his heir-at-law would have
			been a strange thing for anyone to do who was in possession of a peerage, which he wished
			to protect and establish in prosperity. Lord St. Leonards had, again and again, both in his
			"Handy-Book of Real Property Law," and in his conversation, expressed his opinion that "for a
			man to put off making his will until the hand of death was upon him was either cowardice or
			gross carelessness." Therefore, that he who took simply a delight in legal settlements should
			have willingly died intestate was quite inconceivable. The question was, could the will as
			remembered by Miss Sugden be proved in the Probate Court without its production? Before that
			time lost wills had been proved, but it happened that these had been cases of wills that had
			been made by lawyers, and there had been drafts from which they had been copied out, or the
			instructions to the lawyers. Lord St. Leonards had dispensed with the services of a lawyer. He
			had thought, as he said to his daughter, "that he could make his will as well as any lawyer
			could," and so there was no means of proving the contents of the will but the recollection of
			Miss Sugden. Still, those who benefited under the will were advised to go to court. The lady
			gave her evidence, and on the part of the defendant to the suit, the present Lord St. Leonards,
			whose conduct seems to have been unexceptionable in the matter, there was really no attempt
			made to suggest in any way that she was telling a false story. Then some of the servants were
			called, and they proved statements that the old lord had made up to the very last, which
			showed that he believed that Miss Sugden would be left well off, and that his son Frank would
			have the Kingsdown Estate.
			'Mr. Samuel Warren, a Commissioner in Lunacy and the famous author, was called. He was then
			an old man, and he had been one of Lord St. Leonard's great friends. "It was a shame to trouble
			Mr. Warren to come to the Probate Court," said Mr. Hawkins, the plaintiff's counsel, when he
			had already given us all 'ten thousand a year.' " [This reference is to Warren' best known novel,
			which was entitled "Ten Thousand a Year"] Mr. Warren said that the old lord had told him that
			he had purchased an estate for £40,000, which he had left to his son Frank. In cross-
			examination, Mr. Warren said that Lord St. Leonards had always been proud of the dignity of
			his peerage, and that he was anxious that there should be an adequate income to keep it up.
			'This, however, cut two ways, for though it might be used as an argument against his leaving
			properties away from the peerage, it was a stronger argument against his revoking a will
			without making another, and so giving his heir-at-law the absolute disposal of all his landed
			estates. A suggestive piece of evidence was given by one of the menservants, who said that
			he had often heard his old master hum to himself a song about an old lady who hid her will
			away in a cabinet. For the defendant it was argued, as a point of law, that a will could not
			be proved by only one witness, who was greatly interested in the will. The suggestion was made
			also that Lord St. Leonards had torn up his will with the intention of making another, and that
			he had kept the codicils in order to be guided in making his new will. For the defendant, also,
			reliance was placed upon the presumption of law that, when a will is not to be found, which
			was in the custody of the testator, it has been torn up with the intention of revoking. It was
			argued that if any other person had taken away the will from the box, out of curiosity or malice,
			that person would also have taken away the codicils.
			'In giving judgment, Sir James Hannen, of course, admitted the presumption of law that a will
			that had been in possession of the testator and could not be found had been destroyed by him
			with the intention of revoking it. That presumption could be rebutted by evidence, and in this
			case he considered that it had been. Then he considered that the contents had been proved.
			It would have been more satisfactory if there had been a draft with an instruction for the will,
			as there would have been if the will had been made by a lawyer. It would have been more
			satisfactory if a professional man could have been called to prove what the contents of the
			will were. But Miss Sugden, though a lady, had been the constant companion of a great lawyer,
			who had always delighted in explaining law to her, and he declared himself satisfied that the
			contents of the will were as she stated them to be. There was one point which Sir James
			Hannen had probably some satisfaction in referring to, and that was the advice in his "Handy-
			Book" which Lord St. Leonards had given people, not to use the depositories for wills provided
			by the Court of Probate. There was nothing, he said, to prevent any person altering his will by
			making a new one at any time he liked, although he might have placed the first will in the
			depository.
			'So Sir James Hannen declared in favour of the will as remembered by Miss Sugden, and the
			aged ex-Lord Chancellor, who had done so much in his lifetime to make and elucidate the law,
			left behind him a will suit which will always be the leading case as to the amount of evidence
			by which a lost will can be proved.'
			Edward Burtenshaw Sugden, 2nd Baron Saint Leonards
			The 2nd Lord Saint Leonards was charged with indecent assault in May 1884. The following
			edited report appeared in the ''Hampshire Advertiser' of 24 May 1884:-
			'Edward Burtenshaw Sugden, Lord St.Leonards, aged 36, was charged yesterday morning before
			the Recorder at the Old Bailey with indecently assaulting Emma Cole. The prisoner pleaded not
			guilty........Mr. Mathews [for the prosecution] having remarked that there was nothing in the
			case to distinguish it from any other charge of the similar character, except the rank of the
			prisoner, narrated the facts of the charge.
			'Emma Cole, the prosecutrix, was then called. She said that she lived at 12, Victoria-road,
			Twickenham, as domestic servant to Mr. Crawford. She had been about three weeks in that
			employment. Until the Sunday before the 6th of May she had never seen the prisoner. On
			Tuesday, the 6th of May, the prisoner called at the house and asked for Mr. Crawford. She
			told him that Mr. And Mrs. Crawford were both in town. As she was closing the door, the
			prisoner, who appeared to be drunk, forced it open and came into the hall. He asked for a piece
			of string for his dog. He said, "I suppose I can go in here," and he went into the parlour. The
			witness said she would go and get the string. As she was about to leave the room, the prisoner
			took hold of her, tried to push her on the sofa, and assaulted her. She struggled and got away
			from him. The witness went downstairs and called George Detmar, who was working in the
			garden. The prisoner rang the bell, and Detmar went upstairs. The prisoner was still in the
			parlour, and he asked Detmar for some string. He was then got out of the house, but he
			returned for a clay pipe which he left in the parlour. The witness said that she complained to
			Detmar and to her master of the prisoner's conduct. She was bruised by the prisoner, and the
			next day she was examined by the doctor.
			'Witness, on being pressed by Mr. Clarke [for the defence], admitted that a long time since she
			had behaved improperly with a man.
			'George Detmar said he had worked for Mr. Crawford for a number of years. On the evening of
			the 6th of May he was at Mr. Crawford's when he saw the prisoner, who asked for a bit of string
			for his dog. Emma Cole made a complaint to him about Lord St.Leonards' conduct towards her.
			The witness thought the prisoner had had a little to drink.
			'In cross-examination the witness said he heard the prisoner knock at the door. When the
			witness came into the house he noticed that Emma Cole looked flurried. He asked her what was
			the matter. After Lord St.Leonards he gone she complained to him.
			'Mr. Samuel Crawford said that when he got home on the night of the 6th of May, Emma Cole
			opened the door. She afterwards made a complaint as to the prisoner. He had only seen Lord St.
			Leonards on the previous Sunday at Eel Pie Island.
			'Dr. Benthal said he had known Emma Cole for five years. On the 7th inst. he was called in to
			examine her. He found two slight bruises on her left breast and bruises on her right thigh. He
			examined her again upon a subsequent occasion. Cross-examined - There were no bruises on
			the arm, and there were no signs of a violent struggle.
			'No evidence was called for the defence. Mr. Clarke addressed the jury on behalf of the prisoner.
			He urged that to convict Lord St.Leonards on the evidence produced would be an unheard-of
			wrong.
			'The Recorder, in summing up, said that in all cases of rape and indecent assault there were, as
			a rule, only the accuser and the accused present at the time alleged. Such charges were easy
			to make and difficult to refute, and the jury must therefore always look to see what corrobo-
			ration there was. His Lordship read at length the evidence of the prosecutrix. Her examination
			showed that she was not a virtuous woman, but that would not disentitle her to the protection
			of the law. In dealing with the question of corroboration the jury would consider both whether
			there were such marks upon her of bruises as would lead to the belief there was a struggle and
			whether her character was such as would entitle her to belief. If they had any reasonable
			doubt, the prisoner was entitled to it; but if, on the other hand, they thought the case proved,
			they would find him guilty of the offence with which he was charged.
			'The jury retired to consider their verdict at 2.25. After an absence of nearly an hour and a half,
			they returned into court with a verdict of Guilty.'
			Sentencing was postponed until the next session, when the Recorder imposed a sentence of
			seven weeks' imprisonment, dating from 7th May. As a result, Lord St.Leonards was released
			immediately after being sentenced.
			Lord Saint Leonards appears to have spent the next few years in Australia, where he attracted
			attention for all the wrong reasons. In August 1885, he was involved in a drunken confrontation
			in a Melbourne hotel when he was refused service of liquor after hours. Shortly thereafter, the
			'York Herald' of 5 December 1885 reported that "A Melbourne journal states that Lord St.
			Leonards, who was at St.Kilda, a fashionable watering-place near Melbourne, recently received
			a very sound thrashing from a Colonial bushman, for having, at a public bar, spoken irreverently
			and indecently of her Majesty the Queen." In June 1886, the licensee of the hotel in which
			Lord Saint Leonards was staying was forced to seize and sell his personal effects to recover
			moneys owed to him.
			Claims to the peerage of St.Vincent
			Newspapers in the years 1881 and 1901 reported upon claims that were supposedly about to be
			made for the title of Viscount St.Vincent. In neither case have I been able to find any details of
			any subsequent actions taken by the claimants, and I therefore assume that both claims were
			not proceeded with.
			The first (and more realistic) claim arose in 1881, when the 'Essex Telegraph' published an
			article which was reprinted in 'The Isle of Wight Observer' on 14 May 1881:-
			'That truth is stranger than fiction was never more forcibly exemplified than by the event we are
			now about to chronicle. Indeed the most imaginative romancist never conceived a more perfect
			picture of unjust suspicion, of unmerited obloquy, and of ultimate clearance and restoration to
			right; and even that sensational and gifted novelist, Wilkie Collins, never concocted a story of
			the recovery of deeds, or discovery of registers more improbable and romantic than the actual
			occurrences in this case. Unsuspected by them, the inhabitants of St.Paul's district, Lexden
			[a suburb of Colchester in Essex], have, during the last six years, had their spiritual wants
			ministered to by a Peer of the Realm. Succeeding the Rev. Samuel Farman, some six years ago,
			the Rev. William Henry Edward Ricketts Jervis took up his residence in the St.Paul's district -
			now ecclesiastically a parish - and ever since has laboured most zealously in the neighbourhood.
			To a few people it was known some years ago that Mr. Jervis believed himself to be the legal
			successor to the title and emoluments of Viscount St.Vincent, and that there was but one
			hiatus in the chain by which his claim was supported.
			'This missing link, however, was a most serious one, being none other than the parish register in
			was recorded the marriage of Captain William Henry Ricketts, R.N., Mr. Jervis' paternal grand-
			father. How Captain Ricketts could stand in this relation to Mr. Jervis may at first sight appear
			strange, seeing that the family patronymic is not the same; but this will be explained by the
			following facts: Admiral Sir John Jervis, K.B., was elevated to the Peerage on June 23rd, 1797,
			by the title[s] of Baron Jervis of Meaford, in the county of Stafford, and Earl [of] St.Vincent, in
			acknowledgment of his services and splendid victory over the Spanish fleet off Cape St.Vincent.
			The Earl was married, but had no children; and in the year 1801 he applied to the King, in order
			to save the title from extinction, to be created Viscount St.Vincent, with remainder to his
			sister's (Mrs. Ricketts') children. Upon this the Rev. Mr. Jervis' grandfather, being the eldest son,
			became heir-apparent to the Viscountcy, and in June, 1801, he assumed, by sign manual, the
			surname and arms of Jervis, instead of Ricketts. Four years afterwards (on the 26th of January,
			1805) Captain Jervis was unfortunately drowned by the upsetting of the barge used by him in
			carrying despatches to the Commander-in-Chief off Rochefort. Capt. Jervis married, first, Lady
			Elizabeth Jane Lambart, from whom, on his own petition, he was divorced in 1797, by Act of
			Parliament, the only method in those days of dissolving a marriage. By this wife he had two
			daughters.
			'The second marriage has been, until lately, a subject of doubt and mystery, and, in the absence
			of proof of it, a great wrong has been done to the Rev. Mr. Jervis and his father. However, it
			now appears that he married, secondly (in 1800), Cecilia Jane Vinet, a lady well known in society
			at that time. There never was any doubt of the fact that by his lady he left issue - two sons,
			the eldest of whom, born Oct 11, 1802, was the Vicar of St.Paul's father, afterwards Vice-
			Admiral William Henry Jervis, Knight Commander of the Portuguese Order of the Tower and
			Sword. The second son was born shortly after Capt Jervis was drowned, and died in Jamaica in
			1837.
			'The object of concealing this marriage with Miss Vinet may forever remain a mystery, but it will
			most surely be keenly discussed, by-and-bye, when the case is legally investigated.
			Circumstances point clearly to the conclusion that it was a private marriage. There is no lack of
			proof that Capt Jervis' maternal uncle, the gallant Admiral Earl St.Vincent, had a strong objection
			to naval officers marrying. Having probably once had experience of his uncle's anger in regard to
			marriage, he feared that a further remonstrance in the same direction might result in his being
			disinherited. Anyhow, it is perfectly clear that he must have bound his wife to maintain the
			secret for a time, intending, in all probability, to divulge the affair upon the death of the Admiral.
			However, the Captain was drowned some eighteen years before the Earl died. This latter event
			occurred on March 13th, 1823.
			'Not the least mysterious feature of this most mysterious case is to understand why it was that
			the widow of Captain Jervis maintained to the end the secret of the entry in the marriage
			register of the Dorsetshire church. The motive to divulge and thus legitimatise her children must
			have been strong; yet ever stronger was the motive to keep the secret locked in her breast. To
			speculate at this period as to whether her motives were honourable or otherwise we leave to
			other people, and proceed with our narrative.
			'On the death of the Earl St.Vincent, and failing proof of Capt Jervis' marriage with Miss Vinet,
			the title passed to Capt Jervis' next brother, Edward Jervis Ricketts, and has from that time been
			in possession of members of the younger branch of the family, to the exclusion of Vice-Admiral
			Jervis and his eldest son, the Rev. W.H.E.R. Jervis, the present claimant to the honour, and
			whom the marriage certificate proves undoubtedly to be the rightful possessor of the title and
			whatever follows with it.
			'The Rev Mr Jervis was first made aware of his possible position upon his coming of age, his
			father then narrating to him the history of the affair. As may well be understood, this chapter of
			family history was not often a subject of conversation, and the Admiral seldom mentioned it
			himself, and gave no countenance to others bringing it up for discussion. It was, we understand,
			only when on his death-bed that he freely opened his heart, and told all he knew and suspected
			in the matter.
			'The Vice-Admiral died on November 19th, 1874, and when his papers were examined a most
			important statement in his own handwriting was discovered. This put the matter in so tangible a
			form that it could not fail to influence the rev. Gentleman, and to make him resolve that no
			efforts should be spared to determine the question at issue. His clerical duties and his family
			affairs prevented him giving much continuous time and attention to the enquiry, but the one
			object to be attained was, nevertheless, ever kept in view. Advertisements were occasionally
			inserted in the London newspapers offering a reward for the discovery of proof of the marriage
			of Captain William Henry Ricketts (or Jervis if after June, 1801) to Miss Vinet.
			'Subsequently (in 1879) the rev. Gentleman instructed Mr. A.M. White, solicitor, of Colchester,
			to act for him, and the reward was increased to £500. These advertisements were productive
			of no result, and after a time they were withdrawn. In May last, however, Mr. Jervis, acting
			on the suggestion of a clerical friend, inserted a similar advertisement in the Ecclesiastical
			Gazette, a copy of which, it appears, is sent gratuitously to every incumbent in the kingdom.
			Here, we have no doubt, the reward came under the notice of many whom it would not
			otherwise have reached, and, although no immediate result followed, it was through this agency
			that the long-sought proof was eventually discovered.
			'Without the fearful storm of the 18th of January last, however, the Ecclesiastical Gazette would
			have been useless. The two together effected the wonderful purpose, but either without the
			other would have been powerless. A Church of England newspaper and a terrible snowstorm
			seem a somewhat remarkable combination, but it was by these conjointly that the identity of
			the Rev. W.H.E.R. Jervis, vicar of St.Paul's, Colchester, and rector-designate of Cranford,
			Middlesex, with Viscount St. Vincent was established.
			'Like most other incumbents, the rector of a village in Dorsetshire, the name of which we are
			not at present moment at liberty to divulge, saw the advertisement offering £500 for the
			certificate, and, like most other incumbents, he no doubt wished, though he scarcely dared to
			hope, that so substantial a reward might fall to his portion. He did not, however, deem it worth
			while to search the parish records, and it was only by a fortuitous combination of circumstances
			that he eventually came upon the entry which had so long been sought for.
			In the first place there was a storm of a phenomenal character; in the second place, the roof
			of the Parish Church was defective; in the third place, the sliding covering of the keyhole of the
			chest in which old registers were kept was left aside, and the keyhole, which was in the top of
			the box, exposed; in the fourth place, the snow and water came through the roof exactly on to
			this chest, and a good deal of it went through the unprotected keyhole. The latter fact led to
			the all-important discovery. The Rector, on finding how the wet had got in, opened the chest to
			see what damage had been done, and it was while turning over the leaves of an old register that
			his eye lit upon an entry of the marriage of William Jervis Ricketts with Cecilia Jane Vinet, which
			marriage was celebrated in the year 1800. The names at once seemed to be familiar to him, and
			few moments' reflection brought his mind back to the Ecclesiastical Gazette and the reward of
			£500. He accordingly communicated with Mr. Jervis, and that gentleman, accompanied by his
			solicitor, Mr. A.M. White, proceeded to the church and inspected the register on Tuesday last,
			finding it to contain the veritable entry which had so long been anxiously sought for.
			'Attached to the title is a pension of £3000 a year, which was granted to Earl St.Vincent, not
			as a "perpetual pension," but one for three lives only - himself and two others. The title having
			gone, as it now appears, in the wrong branch of the family, the pension ceased with the holder
			who died in 1879; but should the Rev. Mr. Jervis be declared by the Committee of Privileges to
			be the rightful heir, it will have to be revived, he being, under those circumstances, the third
			and last life entitled to the pension. Nothing less than this would be substantial justice; it
			would follow as a matter of course. The title carries with it a seat in the House of Lords, and
			should he establish his claim, as there is every reason to suppose he will, we shall shortly see
			the present vicar of St.Paul's, Colchester, sitting and voting in the Upper Chamber, and
			Cranford will have a peer for its rector.'
			Unfortunately for the worthy Reverend, the discovery of the missing marriage register was too
			good to be true, since the 'Isle of Wight Observer,' in its edition of 24 September 1881,
			contained the following report:-
			'It will be remembered that some little time since we gave an account of the discovery of an
			entry in a parish registry by which the Rev. W.H.E.R. Jervis, vicar of Cranford, Middlesex (who
			is not unknown here), was led to claim the title of Viscount St.Vincent. It will be remembered
			that in order to establish his claim to this title the rev. gentleman offered a reward of £500
			for the discovery of the register of the marriage of his paternal grandfather, William Henry
			Ricketts, with Celia Jane Vinet, in the year 1800. After the lapse of some time the rector of
			a parish in Dorsetshire wrote that he had found the entry of the marriage in examining the
			registers of his church to see what damage they had sustained by the memorable storm of
			January last, and Mr. Jervis gave him a security for the amount of the reward. The services
			of M. Chabot have since been called in, and it is now stated that he has unhesitatingly
			pronounced the entry to be a forgery, and that Mr. Jervis, who for a time assumed the title of
			Lord St.Vincent, has demanded a full investigation into the alleged fraud, and has obtained a
			return of the security from the clergyman in question.'
			**************************
			Compared with the potential claim which surfaced in 1881, the claim which was made 20 years
			later can at best be described as being very unlikely. The following report of this claim appeared
			in the Broken Hill 'Barrier Miner' of 13 July 1901:-
			'An interesting romance of an earldom was brought under the notice of the board of manage-
			ment of the Launceston [Tasmania] Benevolent Asylum, last week. The superintendent (Mr. T.
			Clements) stated that he had received inquiries relative to a late inmate of the institution,
			known as "Sammy Cox," and letters and documents went to show that the latter was heir to the
			first Earl St.Vincent. The asylum books showed that Cox died on January 5, 1891, at the great
			(recorded) age of 105 years, but his real age is supposed to have been 116 years [!!].
			'He was a midshipman on board a ship under the command of his uncle, Admiral Jervis, and
			visited Tasmania long before settlement took place. The vessel ran short of water, and a party
			was landed at the mouth of the River Tamar to obtain a supply. Young Jervis, whose story was
			that he was ill-treated by his uncle, made off into the bush and escaped. He joined a tribe of
			blacks and lived with them for years. When settlement began Jervis wandered down to Norfolk
			Plains, and fell in with a family named Cox, who had recently settled there. Descendants of the
			family are now residing in Launceston. He gave his name as Jervis, but subsequently adopted
			the family name of Cox. He often told the family the story of his career, how he escaped into
			the bush and lived with the blacks, but it was generally thought that he was romancing,
			although there was always a mystery about his life before joining them. They knew he was not
			an escaped convict, but ultimately decided in their own minds that he was a shipwrecked
			sailor.
			'After some years "Sammy," as he was familiarly known, left Norfolk Plains, and worked in various
			parts of the island, subsequently drifting to the Launceston Benevolent Asylum, where he ended
			his days. A relative - a great grandnephew of the first Earl St.Vincent - who was on a visit to
			Tasmania towards the end of last year, heard by chance of "Sammy's" story, and his contention
			that he belonged to the Jervis family. He instituted close inquiries, searched records and
			interviewed old colonists who knew the deceased, with the result that he seems satisfied that
			the old man's story was correct. In his letter to the superintendent of the asylum, read at the
			meeting, he says:-
			"The statements made by 'Sammy Cox' differ (not materially) from those made by him a few
			years earlier. I have a letter from Mr. Monds, of Launceston, who writes that 'Sammy's'
			statement was to the effect that his father was Squire Jervis, of Lichfield; that he (Sammy)
			voyaged to Van Diemen's Land with his uncle (Admiral Jervis), who subsequently became the
			Earl St.Vincent. The ship was the Regent Fox, named, no doubt, after a prominent politician
			in England at that time. The uncle ill-treated and threatened to maroon the young midshipman
			and then take possession of his estates in Lichfield. When the boat went ashore at the Tamar
			for a supply of water he ran away and the uncle sailed without making any attempt to find him.
			There is no doubt Sammy was nephew and, subsequently, heir to his uncle (who was created
			Earl St.Vincent), besides being heir to his father, Squire Jervis. No doubt they never looked or
			inquired for him, thinking him dead. I am satisfied my statement is true, and, further that he
			was my grand uncle, and Sammy should have been the second Earl St.Vincent. His uncle, the
			first earl, having died without male issue, the title, according to 'Burke's Peerage,' became
			extinct. What a life the poor old fellow must have lived, heir to an earldom, and earning his
			living by hard work."
			There are a number of facts which go to prove that Sammy Cox's claim is not capable of belief:-
			* Cox claimed that it was in 1789 that he fled into the Tasmanian bush. According to naval
			records as quoted in 'The Australian Encyclopedia' only one ship is recorded as being in
			Tasmanian waters in that year, and it was not named the Regent Fox. In any event, the ship
			only approached the extreme southern tip of Tasmania, whereas the place where Cox claimed
			to have fled into the bush is on the north coast.
			* In order to reach the Tamar River, any ship would necessarily have had to navigate through
			the body of water which separates Tasmania from the Australian mainland (Bass Strait). Until
			1798, Tasmania was thought to be part of the mainland, and it was only in this year, 9 years
			after Cox claimed to have been there that George Bass, after whom the strait is named, made
			the first recorded voyage in these waters.
			* Sir John Jervis's entry in the Dictionary of National Biography makes no mention of his ever
			having been in Australian waters.
			* Even if Cox's story is believed in its entirety, he was never heir to the earldom of St.Vincent,
			and therefore could never have succeeded to it. The remainder in the creation of the earldom
			was the usual remainder - i.e. to heirs male of the body of the grantee. As Sammy Cox was not
			the son of the 1st Earl, he had no right to succeed him in that peerage.
			Mary Cecil, Marchioness of Salisbury (1750-1835)
			The following is summarised from "Great Political Eccentrics" by Neil Hamilton (Robson Books,
			London 1999)
			Mary was the daughter of the 1st Marquess of Downshire and married Salisbury in December
			1773. The Marchioness offended conventional opinion by her hunting, free-spoken talk,
			extravagance and gambling. She shocked society by arranging card parties on Sunday evenings
			and concert parties earlier in the day, to co-incide with the times of the local church service at
			Hatfield.
			Occasionally the Marchioness did attend church, but then only for social reasons. On one
			occasion she arrived late at the Chapel Royal in London, but found the chapel to be full. When
			one of her daughters asked, 'Where shall we go, mama?', she replied, 'Home again, to be sure.
			If we cannot get in, it is no fault of ours - we have done the civil thing.'
			Once, while attending Hatfield Church, she heard for the first time the biblical story of Adam and
			Eve. She was outraged to learn that Adam had blamed Eve when God rebuked them for eating
			the apple. When she heard Adam's excuse, 'The woman tempted me, and I did eat', she
			exclaimed in a loud voice, 'A shabby fellow, indeed.'
			At the Handel Festival, held in Westminster Abbey in the presence of King George III and Queen
			Charlotte, she arrived late and sat in the box erected for the Lord Chamberlain's party. Shortly
			afterward, the music was interrupted by a loud hammering and banging. The King asked what
			was happening, to be told that Lady Salisbury, finding her box divided in two by an inconvenient
			partition, had sent for the Abbey carpenters to dismantle it at once.
			She resolutely refused to accept the infirmities of age, surrounded herself with young people
			and modelled her dress and behaviour on theirs. At the age of 80, she still insisted on going out
			hunting. Too feebled by age to be able to hold onto the horse unaided, she had herself strapped
			onto it. Because she was too blind to see where she was going, the horse was attached by a
			leading-rein to a groom. Every time they came to a hedge, the groom would shout 'Damn you,
			my Lady, jump,' and over the hedge they went.
			Her death was as spectacular as her life. On 27 November 1835, a servant raised the alarm that
			clouds of smoke were pouring out of the windows of Lady Salisbury's bedroom in the West Wing
			of Hatfield House. The room was well ablaze, fanned by a strong wind and, although making
			many attempts, the fir was so fierce that the servants were unable to fight their way through
			the flames. When the fire was finally extinguished, all that remained of Lady Salisbury was a few
			charred bones.
			At the subsequent inquest, it was found that the fire had started at the top of her head. She
			had habitually worn her hair piled high and decorated with feathers. Getting up from a table,
			it was thought that her hair had caught in a chandelier and started the blaze which consumed
			her.
			Martha Reay, mistress of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich
			Sandwich was a man of very few, if any, redeeming features. He had been a member of the
			infamous "Hellfire Club" and had clawed his way to high administrative rank by hanging on to
			the coat-tails of the 'yes-men' who surrounded the mad King George III. Among his political
			posts was that of First Lord of the Admiralty, where he proved to be a total incompetent. He
			was totally corrupt in this post, and was accused of selling preferments in the navy. Also
			under his management was Greenwich Hospital, which was known as 'death ditch' by all who
			were sent there. His major claim to fame was he was supposed to have invented the humble
			sandwich, which he ate in order to avoid having to leave the gaming tables to dine.
			This note, however, is more concerned with his long-term mistress, Martha Reay (or Ray).
			Martha was born in 1742, the daughter of a corsetmaker. Possessed with a fine singing voice,
			at the age of 17 she came to the attention of the Earl of Sandwich, who soon installed her
			as his permanent mistress. She gave birth to a number of the Earl's illegitimate children - the
			sources vary in number between five and nine.
			In November 1775 a young army ensign, James Hackman, of the 68th Regiment of Foot, was
			invited the officers of that regiment to dine with him, and young Hackman (he was 23 at the
			time) was among the smart uniformed company that assembled round the Earl's dining table.
			Presiding over the table with the Earl was Martha Reay, and Hackman fell in love with her at
			first sight. A fellow officer later recalled that Hackman's gaze never left her face. After the
			meal was completed and the gentlemen rejoined the ladies, Martha entertained the company
			with a number of ballads. Hackman became so agitated that a fellow officer was forced to
			remind him that Martha was the Earl's mistress, and ten years older than Hackman. This
			only inflamed Hackman's passions, since this information led him to believe that Martha was
			the innocent victim of the lecherous Earl.
			Hackman obtained leave and began to pester Martha with protestations of love and begged her
			to marry him, but she refused. In desperation, he resigned his commission in the army and
			turned to the church. He was ordained in February 1779, and posted to the remote parish of
			Wiveton, in Norfolk. But he could not get Martha out of his mind.
			On 7 April 1779, Hackman was in the audience at Covent Garden when Martha entered her box
			at the theatre. For the first two acts of the play he gazed at her, and then he went to his
			lodgings, where he pocketed two of his army pistols, wrote two letters - one a suicide note -
			and then returned to the theatre just as the play ended. As Martha was walking out of the
			theatre, Hackman stepped out from behind a pillar, clapped one of his pistols to her forehead
			and blew out her brains. He then drew the other pistol and tried to shoot himself, but his hand
			was trembling so much all he succeeded in doing was giving himself a flesh wound.
			Hackman's entry in the Newgate Calendar reads as follows:-
			'Mr. James Hackman was born in Gosport, in Hampshire, and originally designed for trade; but
			he was too volatile in disposition to submit to the drudgery of the shop or counting-house. His
			parents, willing to promote his interest as far as lay in their power, purchased him an ensign's
			commission in the 68th Regiment of Foot. He had not long been in the army when he was sent
			to command a recruiting party, and being at Huntingdon he was frequently invited to dine with
			Lord Sandwich, who had a seat in that neighbourhood. There it was that he first became
			acquainted with Miss Reay, who lived under the protection of that nobleman.
			'This lady was the daughter of a staymaker in Covent Garden, and served her apprenticeship
			to a mantua-maker in George's Court, St. John's Lane, Clerkenwell. She was bound when she
			was only thirteen, and during her apprenticeship was taken notice of by the nobleman above
			mentioned, who took her under his protection, and treated her with every mark of tenderness.
			No sooner had Mr. Hackman seen her than he became enamoured of her, though she had then
			lived for nineteen years with his lordship. Finding he could not obtain preferment in the army,
			he turned his thoughts to the Church, and entered into orders. Soon after he obtained the
			living at Wiveton, in Norfolk, which was only about Christmas preceding the shocking deed
			which cost him his life, so that it may be said that he never enjoyed it.
			'Miss Reay was extremely fond of music, and as her noble protector was in a high rank we need
			not be surprised to find that frequent concerts were performed both in London and at
			Hinchinbrook. At the latter place Mr. Hackman was generally of the party, and his attention to
			her at those times was very great. How long he had been in London previous to this affair is
			not certainly known, but at that time he lodged in Duke's Court, St. Martin's Lane. On the
			morning of the 7th of April, 1779, he sat some time in his closet, reading Dr. Blair's Sermons;
			but in the evening he took a walk to the Admiralty, where he saw Miss Reay go into the coach
			along with Signora Galli, who attended her. The coach drove to Covent Garden Theatre, where
			she stayed to see the performance of Love in a Village. Mr. Hackman went into the theatre at
			the same time, but, not being able to contain the violence of his passion, returned to his
			lodgings, and having loaded two pistols again went to the playhouse, where he waited till the
			play was over. As Miss Reay was ready to step into the coach he took a pistol in each hand,
			one of which he discharged against her, which killed her on the spot, and the other at himself,
			which, however, did not take effect.
			'He then beat himself on his head with the butt-end, in order to destroy himself, so fully bent
			was he on the destruction of both. After some struggle he was secured, and his wounds
			dressed. He was then carried before Sir John Fielding, who committed him to Tothill Fields
			Bridwell, and next to Newgate, where a person was appointed to attend him, lest he should
			lay violent hands upon himself. In Newgate, as he knew he had no favour to expect, he prepared
			himself for the awful change he was about to make. He had dined with his sister on the day the
			murder was committed, and in the afternoon had written a letter to her husband, Mr. Booth, an
			eminent attorney, acquainting him with his resolution of destroying himself.
			'At the trial the jury pronounced their fatal verdict, and the unhappy man heard the sentence
			against him with calm resignation to his fate.
			'During the procession to the fatal tree at Tyburn he seemed much affected, and said but little;
			and when he arrived at Tyburn, and got out of the coach and mounted the cart, he took leave
			of Dr. Porter and the ordinary. After some time spent in prayer he was turned off, and, having
			hung the usual time, his body was carried to Surgeon's Hall for dissection.'
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