PEERAGE
			Last updated 23/04/2013
Date	Rank	Order	Name	Born	Died	Age
			STAMP
28 Jun 1938	B	1	Josiah Charles Stamp	21 Jun 1880	16 Apr 1941	60
			Created Baron Stamp 28 Jun 1938
16 Apr 1941		2	Wilfred Carlyle Stamp	28 Oct 1904	16 Apr 1941	36
			For further information on the succession of this
			peer to the title, see the note at the foot of
			this page.
16 Apr 1941		3	Trevor Charles Stamp	13 Feb 1907	16 Nov 1987	80
16 Nov 1987		4	Trevor Charles Bosworth Stamp	18 Sep 1935
			STANHOPE
14 Apr 1718	E	1	James Stanhope	1673	5 Feb 1721	47
			Created Baron and Viscount Stanhope
			3 Jul 1717 and Earl Stanhope
			14 Apr 1718
			MP for Newport IOW 1702 and 1717,
			Cockermouth 1702-1713 and 1715-1717 and
			Wendover 1714-1715. Secretary of State
			1714-1717 and 1718-1721.Prime Minister and
			Chancellor of the Exchequer 1717-1718.
			PC 1714
5 Feb 1721		2	Philip Stanhope	14 Aug 1714	7 Mar 1786	71
7 Mar 1786		3	Charles Stanhope	3 Aug 1753	15 Dec 1816	63
			MP for Wycombe 1780-1786
			For further information on this peer,and his
			daughter,Lady Hester Stanhope,see the notes
			at the foot of this page
15 Dec 1816		4	Philip Henry Stanhope	7 Dec 1781	2 Mar 1855	73
			MP for Wendover 1806-1807, Hull 1807-
			1812 and Midhurst 1812-1816
2 Mar 1855		5	Philip Henry Stanhope	30 Jan 1805	24 Dec 1875	70
			MP for Wootton Basset 1830-1832 and
			Hertford 1832-1852
24 Dec 1875		6	Arthur Philip Stanhope	13 Sep 1838	19 Apr 1905	66
			MP for Leominster 1868 and Suffolk East
			1870-1875. Lord Lieutenant Kent 1890-1905
19 Apr 1905		7	James Richard Stanhope	11 Nov 1880	15 Aug 1967	86
to			First Commissioner of Works 1936-1937.
15 Aug 1967			President of the Board of Education 1937-
			1938. First Lord of the Admiralty 1938-1939
			Lord President of the Council 1939-1940.
			PC 1929  KG 1934
			On his death the Earldom became extinct
			whilst the Viscountcy and Barony passed to
			the 11th Earl of Harrington (qv)
			STANHOPE OF HARRINGTON
2 May 1605	B	1	Sir John Stanhope		9 Mar 1621
			Created Baron Stanhope of Harrington
			2 May 1605
9 Mar 1621		2	Charles Stanhope	27 Apr 1595	3 Dec 1675	80
to			Peerage extinct on his death
3 Dec 1675
			STANHOPE OF SHELFORD
7 Nov 1616	B	1	Philip Stanhope	1584	12 Sep 1656	72
			Created Baron Stanhope of Shelford
			7 Nov 1616
			He was subsequently created Earl of
			Chesterfield (qv) in 1628
			STANLEY
15 Jan 1456	B	1	Thomas Stanley	c 1405	20 Feb 1459
			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
			Stanley 15 Jan 1456
			Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1431-1436.
			KG 1457
20 Feb 1459		2	Thomas Stanley,later [1485] 1st Earl of Derby	c 1435	29 Jul 1504
29 Jul 1504		3	Thomas Stanley,2nd Earl of Derby	by 1485	23 May 1521
23 May 1521		4	Edward Stanley,3rd Earl of Derby	10 May 1509	24 Oct 1572	63
24 Oct 1572		5	Henry Stanley,4th Earl of Derby		29 Sep 1593
29 Sep 1593		6	Ferdinando Stanley,5th Earl of Derby	1559	16 Apr 1594	34
to			On his death the peerage fell into abeyance
16 Apr 1594
7 Mar 1921		7	Edith Maud Abney-Hastings,Countess of Loudoun	13 May 1883	24 Feb 1960	76
to			Abeyance terminated in her favour,but the title
24 Feb 1960			again fell into abeyance upon her death
			STANLEY OF ALDERLEY
9 May 1839	B	1	Sir John Thomas Stanley,7th baronet	26 Nov 1766	23 Oct 1850	83
			Created Baron Stanley of Alderley
			9 May 1839
			MP for Wootton Basset 1790-1796
23 Oct 1850		2	Edward John Stanley	13 Nov 1802	16 Jun 1869	66
			Created Baron Eddisbury 12 May 1848
			MP for Hindon 1831-1832 and Cheshire
			North 1832-1841 and 1847-1848. Vice
			President of the Board of Trade 1852 and
			1853-1855. President of the Board of Trade
			1855-1858. Postmaster General 1860-1866.
			PC 1841.
16 Jun 1869		3	Henry Edward John Stanley	11 Jul 1827	10 Dec 1903	76
			For further information on this peer, see the foot
			of this page
10 Dec 1903		4	Edward Lyulph Stanley	16 May 1839	18 Mar 1925	85
			MP for Oldham 1880-1885.  PC 1910
			Succeeded to the Barony of Sheffield 1909
18 Mar 1925		5	Arthur Lyulph Stanley	14 Sep 1875	22 Aug 1931	55
			MP for Eddisbury 1906-1910. Governor of
			Victoria 1914-1920
22 Aug 1931		6	Edward John Stanley	9 Oct 1907	5 Mar 1971	63
5 Mar 1971		7	Lyulph Henry Victor Owen Stanley	22 Oct 1915	23 Jun 1971	55
23 Jun 1971		8	Thomas Henry Oliver Stanley	28 Sep 1927
			STANLEY OF BICKERSTAFFE
22 Dec 1832	B	1	Edward Smith-Stanley	21 Apr 1775	30 Jun 1851	76
			Created Baron Stanley of
			Bickerstaffe 22 Dec 1832
			See "Derby"
			****************
4 Nov 1844			Edward Geoffrey Smith-Stanley	19 Mar 1799	23 Oct 1869	70
			He was summoned to Parliament by Writ of
			Acceleration as Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe
			4 Nov 1844
			He succeeded as Earl of Derby (qv) in 1851
			STANLEY OF PRESTON
27 Aug 1886	B	1	Frederick Arthur Stanley	15 Jan 1841	14 Jun 1908	67
			Created Baron Stanley of Preston
			27 Aug 1886
			See "Derby"
			STANMORE
21 Aug 1893	B	1	Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon	26 Nov 1829	30 Jan 1912	82
			Created Baron Stanmore 21 Aug 1893
			MP for Beverley 1854-1857. Governor of
			New Brunswick 1861-1866, Trinidad 1866-
			1870, Mauritius 1871-1874, Fiji 1875-1880,
			New Zealand 1880-1882 and Ceylon 1883-
			1890
30 Jan 1912		2	George Arthur Morris Hamilton-Gordon	3 Jan 1871	13 Apr 1957	86
to			PC 1932
13 Apr 1957			Peerage extinct on his death
			STANSGATE
12 Jan 1942	V	1	William Wedgwood Benn	10 May 1877	17 Nov 1960	83
			Created Viscount Stansgate 12 Jan 1942
			MP for St.Georges,Tower Hamlets 1906-
			1918, Leith 1918-1927, Aberdeen North
			1928-1931 and Gorton 1937-1941. Secretary
			of State for India 1929-1931. Secretary of
			State for Air 1945-1946.  PC 1929
17 Nov 1960		2	Anthony Neil Wedgwood Benn	3 Apr 1925
to			MP for Bristol SE 1950-1960 and 1963-1983
31 Jul 1963			and Chesterfield 1984-2001
			Postmaster General 1964-1966. Minister
			of Technology 1966-1970. Minister of Power
			1969-1970. Secretary of State for Industry
			1974-1975. Secretary of State for Energy
			1975-1979.  PC 1964
			He disclaimed the peerage for life 1963
			STAPLETON
8 Jan 1313	B	1	Miles Stapleton		24 Jun 1314
			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
			Stapleton 8 Jan 1313
24 Jun 1314		2	Nicholas Stapleton		1342
1342		3	Miles Stapleton	c 1318	Dec 1372
Dec 1372		4	Thomas Stapleton	c 1350	10 Aug 1373
to			On his death the peerage became dormant
10 Aug 1373
			STAVORDALE
12 Jan 1747	B	1	Stephen Fox-Strangways	12 Sep 1704	26 Sep 1776	72
			Created Baron Ilchester 11 May 1741,Baron
			Ilchester and Stavordale 12 Jan 1747,and
			Earl of Ilchester 17 Jun 1756
			See "Ilchester"
			STAWELL
15 Jan 1683	B	1	Ralph Stawell	c 1640	5 Aug 1689
			Created Baron Stawell 15 Jan 1683
			MP for Bridgwater Oct 1679
5 Aug 1689		2	John Stawell	c 1669	30 Nov 1692
30 Nov 1692		3	William Stawell	c 1683	23 Jan 1742
23 Jan 1742		4	Edward Stawell	c 1685	13 Apr 1755
to			Peerage extinct on his death
13 Apr 1755
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21 May 1760	B	1	Mary Bilson-Legge	12 Feb 1726	29 Jul 1780	54
			Created Baroness Stawell 21 May 1760
29 Jul 1780		2	Henry Stawel Bilson-Legge	22 Feb 1757	25 Aug 1820	63
to			Peerage extinct on his death
25 Aug 1820
			STEDMAN
25 Jun 1974	B[L]	1	Phyllis Stedman	14 Jul 1916	8 Jun 1996	79
to			Created Baroness Stedman 25 Jun 1974
8 Jun 1996			Peerage extinct on her death
			STEDMAN-SCOTT
12 Jul 2010	B[L]	1	Deborah Stedman-Scott	23 Nov 1955
			Created Baroness Stedman-Scott for life
			12 Jul 2010
			STEEL OF AIKWOOD
6 Jun 1997	B[L]	1	David Martin Scott Steel	31 Mar 1938
			Created Baron Steel of Aikwood
			6 Jun 1997
			MP for Roxburgh,Selkirk and Peebles 1965-
			1983 and Tweeddale,Ettrick and Lauderdale
			1983-1997.  PC 1977    KT 2004
			STEINBERG
23 Jun 2004	B[L]	1	Leonard Steinberg	1 Aug 1936	2 Nov 2009	73
to			Created Baron Steinberg 23 Jun 2004
2 Nov 2009			Peerage extinct on his death
			STEPHEN
2 Feb 2011	B[L]	1	Nicol Ross Stephen	23 Mar 1960
			Created Baron Stephen for life 2 Feb 2011
			MP for Kincardine & Deeside 1991-1992
			STERLING OF PLAISTOW
17 Jan 1991	B[L]	1	Jeffrey Maurice Sterling	27 Dec 1934
			Created Baron Sterling of Plaistow
			17 Jan 1991
			STERN
13 Jul 1999	B[L]	1	Vivien Helen Stern	25 Sep 1941
			Created Baroness Stern 13 Jul 1999
			STERN OF BRENTFORD
10 Dec 2007	B[L]	1	Nicholas Herbert Stern	22 Apr 1946
			Created Baron Stern of Brentford 10 Dec 2007
			STERNDALE
14 Nov 1918	B	1	William Pickford	1 Oct 1848	7 Aug 1923	74
to			Created Baron Sterndale 14 Nov 1918
7 Aug 1923			Lord Justice of Appeal 1914. Master of the
			Rolls 1919.  PC 1914
			Peerage extinct on his death
			STEVENAGE
24 Dec 1951	V	1	William Allen Jowitt,Viscount Jowitt	15 Apr 1885	16 Aug 1957	72
			Created Viscount Stevenage and Earl Jowitt
			24 Dec 1951
			Peerages extinct on his death
			STEVENS OF KIRKWHELPINGTON
6 Apr 2005	B[L]	1	John Arthur Stevens	21 Oct 1942
			Created Baron Stevens of Kirkwhelpington
			for life 6 Apr 2005
			STEVENS OF LUDGATE
27 Mar 1987	B[L]	1	David Robert Stevens	26 May 1936
			Created Baron Stevens of Ludgate for life
			27 Mar 1987
			STEVENSON
7 May 1924	B	1	Sir James Stevenson,1st baronet	2 Apr 1873	10 Jun 1926	53
to			Created Baron Stevenson 7 May 1924
10 Jun 1926			Peerage extinct on his death
			STEVENSON OF BALMACARA
13 Jul 2010	B[L]	1	Robert Wilfrid Stevenson	19 Apr 1947
			Created Baron Stevenson of Balmacara for
			life 13 Jul 2010
			STEVENSON OF CODDENHAM
13 Jul 1999	B[L]	1	Henry Dennistoun Stevenson	19 Jul 1945
			Created Baron Stevenson of Coddenham
			for life 13 Jul 1999
			STEWART OF ALVECHURCH
15 Jan 1975	B[L]	1	Mary Elizabeth Henderson Stewart	8 May 1903	28 Dec 1984	81
to			Created Baroness Stewart of
28 Dec 1984			Alvechurch 15 Jan 1975
			Peerage extinct on her death
			STEWART OF FULHAM
5 Jul 1979	B[L]	1	Robert Michael Maitland Stewart	6 Nov 1906	10 Mar 1990	83
to			Created Baron Stewart of Fulham
10 Mar 1990			5 Jul 1979
			MP for Fulham East 1945-1955 and Fulham
			1955-1979. Secretary of State for
			Education and Science 1964-1965. Foreign
			Secretary 1965-1966. First Secretary of
			State 1966-1968. Foreign Secretary 1968-
			1970.  PC 1964  CH 1969
			Peerage extinct on his death
			STEWART OF GARLIES
6 Jun 1796	B	1	John Stewart,Earl of Galloway	13 Mar 1736	13 Nov 1806	70
			Created Baron Stewart of Garlies
			6 Jun 1796
			See "Galloway"
			STEWART OF RAMALTON
19 Mar 1683	V[I]	1	William Stewart		24 Aug 1692
			Created Baron Stewart of Ramalton
			and Viscount Mountjoy 19 Mar 1683
			See "Mountjoy" - extinct 1769
			STEWART OF STEWART'S COURT
1 Jul 1814	B	1	Charles William Vane	18 May 1778	6 Mar 1854	75
			Created Baron Stewart of Stewart's
			Court 1 Jul 1814
			See "Londonderry"
			STEWARTBY
20 Jul 1992	B[L]	1	Bernard Harold Ian Halley Stewart	10 Aug 1935
			Created Baron Stewartby 20 Jul 1992
			MP for Hitchin 1974-1983 and Hertfordshire
			North 1983-1992. Economic Secretary to
			the Treasury 1983-1987. Minister of State,
			Armed Forces 1987-1988. Minister of State,
			Northern Ireland 1988-1989.  PC 1989
			STEYN
11 Jan 1995	B[L]	1	Johan van Zyl Steyn	15 Aug 1932
			Created Baron Steyn 11 Jan 1995
			Lord Justice of Appeal 1992-1995. Lord of
			Appeal in Ordinary 1995-2005   PC 1992
			STIRLING
14 Jun 1633	E[S]	1	Sir William Alexander,1st baronet	c 1576	12 Feb 1640
			Created Lord Alexander of Tullibody
			and Viscount of Stirling 4 Sep 1630,
			and Lord Alexander of Tullibody,
			Viscount Canada and Earl of Stirling
			14 Jun 1633
			Secretary of State [S] 1636-1640
12 Feb 1640		2	William Alexander		May 1640
May 1640		3	Henry Alexander		Aug 1644
Aug 1644		4	Henry Alexander		11 Feb 1691
			MP for Berkshire 1678
11 Feb 1691		5	Henry Alexander	7 Nov 1664	4 Dec 1739	75
to			On his death the peerages became dormant
4 Dec 1739			For an account of the claim made to this peerage
			in the 1830s, see the note at the foot of this page
			STIRRUP
28 Jan 2011	B[L]	1	Sir Graham Eric (Jock) Stirrup	4 Dec 1949
			Created Baron Stirrup for life 28 Jan 2011
			Chief of Defence Staff 2006-2010  KG 2013
			STOCKS
17 Jan 1966	B[L]	1	Mary Danvers Stocks	25 Jul 1891	6 Jul 1975	83
to			Created Baroness Stocks 17 Jan 1966
6 Jul 1975			Peerage extinct on her death
			STOCKTON
24 Feb 1984	E	1	Maurice Harold Macmillan	10 Feb 1894	29 Dec 1986	92
			Created Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden
			and Earl of Stockton 24 Feb 1984
			MP for Stockton 1924-1929 and 1931-1945
			and Bromley 1945-1964. Secretary of State
			for Air 1945. Minister of Housing and Local
			Government 1951-1954. Minister of
			Defence 1954-1955. Foreign Secretary 1955
			Chancellor of the Exchequer 1955-1957.
			Prime Minister 1957-1963.  PC 1942
			OM 1975
29 Dec 1986		2	Alexander Daniel Alan Macmillan	10 Oct 1943
			STODART OF LEASTON
1 Jun 1981	B[L]	1	James Anthony Stodart	6 Jun 1916	31 May 2003	86
to			Created Baron Stodart of Leaston
31 May 2003			1 Jun 1981
			MP for Edinburgh West 1959-1974. Minister
			of State Agriculture & Fisheries 1972-1974.
			PC 1974
			Peerage extinct on his death
			STODDART OF SWINDON
14 Sep 1983	B[L]	1	David Leonard Stoddart	4 May 1926
			Created Baron Stoddart of Swindon
			14 Sep 1983
			MP for Swindon 1970-1983
			STOKE
19 Jul 1619	B	1	John Villiers	c 1590	18 Feb 1657
to			Created Baron Stoke and Viscount
18 Feb 1657			Purbeck 19 Jul 1619
			Peerages extinct on his death
			STOKES
9 Jan 1969	B[L]	1	Donald Gresham Stokes	22 Mar 1914	21 Jul 2008	94
to			Created Baron Stokes 9 Jan 1969
21 Jul 2008			Peerage extinct on his death
			STONE
24 Jun 1976	B[L]	1	Joseph Ellis Stone	27 May 1903	17 Jul 1986	83
to			Created Baron Stone 24 Jun 1976
17 Jul 1986			Peerage extinct on his death
			STONE OF BLACKHEATH
29 Oct 1997	B[L]	1	Andrew Zelig Stone	7 Sep 1942
			Created Baron Stone of Blackheath
			29 Oct 1997
			STONEHAM OF DROXFORD
17 Jan 2011	B[L]	1	Benjamin Stoneham
			Created Baron Stoneham of Droxford for life
			17 Jan 2011
			STONEHAVEN
27 Jun 1938	V	1	Sir John Lawrence Baird,2nd baronet	27 Apr 1874	20 Aug 1941	67
			Created Baron Stonehaven 12 Jun 1925
			and Viscount Stonehaven 27 Jun 1938
			MP for Rugby 1910-1922 and Ayr Burghs
			1922-1925. Minister of Transport and
			First Commissioner of Works 1922-1924.
			Governor General of Australia 1925-1930
			PC 1922
20 Aug 1941		2	James Ian Baird	25 Jul 1908	1 Oct 1989	81
			He succeeded to the Earldom of Kintore (qv)
			in 1974 with which title the Viscountcy
			remains merged
			STONHAM
2 Aug 1958	B[L]	1	Victor John Collins	1 Jul 1903	22 Dec 1971	68
to			Created Baron Stonham 2 Aug 1958
22 Dec 1971			MP for Taunton 1945-1950 and Shoreditch
			and Finsbury 1954-1958. Minister of State,
			Home Office 1967-1969.  PC 1969
			Peerage extinct on his death
			STOPFORD
12 Apr 1762	V[I]	1	James Stopford,Baron Courtown	c 1700	12 Jan 1770
			Created Viscount Stopford and Earl of
			Courtown 12 Apr 1762
			See "Courtown"
			STOPFORD OF FALLOWFIELD
5 Aug 1958	B[L]	1	John Sebastian Bach Stopford	25 Jun 1888	6 Mar 1961	72
to			Created Baron Stopford of
6 Mar 1961			Fallowfield 5 Aug 1958
			Peerage extinct on his death
			STOREY
2 Feb 2011	B[L]	1	Mike Storey	25 May 1949
			Created Baron Storey for life 2 Feb 2011
			STORMONT
16 Aug 1621	V[S]	1	Sir David Murray		27 Aug 1631
			Created Lord Scone 7 Apr 1605 and
			Viscount of Stormont 16 Aug 1621
27 Aug 1631		2	Mungo Murray		Mar 1642
Mar 1642		3	James Murray,Earl of Annandale		28 Dec 1658
28 Dec 1658		4	David Murray,2nd Lord Balvaird		24 Jul 1668
24 Jul 1668		5	David Murray		19 Nov 1731
19 Nov 1731		6	David Murray	c 1689	23 Jul 1748
23 Jul 1748		7	David Murray	9 Oct 1727	1 Sep 1796	68
			He succeeded to the Earldom of Mansfield
			(qv) in 1793 with which title this peerage
			then merged
			STOURTON
13 May 1448	B	1	Sir John Stourton	19 May 1400	25 Nov 1462	62
			Created Baron Stourton 13 May 1448
25 Nov 1462		2	William Stourton	c 1430	18 Feb 1479
18 Feb 1479		3	John Stourton	c 1454	6 Oct 1485
6 Oct 1485		4	Francis Stourton	1485	18 Feb 1487	1
18 Feb 1487		5	William Stourton	c 1457	17 Feb 1523
17 Feb 1523		6	Edward Stourton	c 1463	13 Dec 1535
13 Dec 1535		7	William Stourton	c 1505	16 Sep 1548
16 Sep 1548		8	Charles Stourton	c 1520	6 Mar 1557
			For further information on this peer, see the
			note at the foot of this page.
6 Mar 1557		9	John Stourton	Jan 1553	13 Oct 1588	35
13 Oct 1588		10	Edward Stourton	c 1555	7 May 1633
7 May 1633		11	William Stourton	c 1594	25 Apr 1672
25 Apr 1672		12	William Stourton		7 Aug 1685
7 Aug 1685		13	Edward Stourton	24 Jun 1665	6 Oct 1720	55
6 Oct 1720		14	Thomas Stourton	14 Jun 1667	24 Mar 1744	76
24 Mar 1744		15	Charles Stourton	2 Mar 1702	11 Mar 1753	51
11 Mar 1753		16	William Stourton	Aug 1704	3 Oct 1781	77
3 Oct 1781		17	Charles Philip Stourton	22 Aug 1752	29 Apr 1816	63
29 Apr 1816		18	William Stourton	6 Jun 1776	4 Dec 1846	70
4 Dec 1846		19	Charles Stourton	13 Jul 1802	23 Dec 1872	70
23 Dec 1872		20	Alfred Joseph Stourton	28 Feb 1829	18 Apr 1893	64
			The abeyance of the Baronies of Mowbray
			and Segrave (qqv) were terminated in his
			favour on 3 Jan 1878 and 18 Jan 1878
			respectively when this peerage merged with
			the other two
			STOWELL
17 Jul 1821	B	1	William Scott	28 Oct 1745	28 Jan 1836	90
to			Created Baron Stowell 17 Jul 1821
28 Jan 1836			MP for Downton 1790-1801 and Oxford
			University 1801-1821  PC 1798
			Peerage extinct on his death
			STOWELL OF BEESTON
10 Jan 2011	B[L]	1	Tina Wendy Stowell	2 Jul 1967
			Created Baroness Stowell of Beeston for life
			10 Jan 2011
			STOW HILL
7 Jun 1966	B[L]	1	Frank Soskice	23 Jul 1902	1 Jan 1979	76
to			Created Baron Stow Hill 7 Jun 1966
1 Jan 1979			MP for Birkenhead East 1945-1950, Neepsend
			1950-1955 and Newport (Monmouth) 1956-1966.
			Solicitor General 1945-1951. Attorney
			General 1951. Home Secretary 1964-1965.
			Lord Privy Seal 1966.  PC 1948
			Peerage extinct on his death
			STRABANE
8 May 1617	B[I]	1	James Hamilton
			Created Lord Hamilton,Baron of
			Strabane 8 May 1617
			He resigned the peerage in 1633 in
			favour of -
1633		2	Claud Hamilton		14 Jun 1638
14 Jun 1638		3	James Hamilton		16 Jun 1655
16 Jun 1655		4	George Hamilton		14 Apr 1668
14 Apr 1668		5	Claud Hamilton,later [by 1683] 4th Earl of Abercorn	13 Sep 1659	1690	30
			He was outlawed after his death, and the
			Barony of Hamilton of Strabane [I] was
			forfeited 11 May 1691
24 May 1692		6	Charles Hamilton,5th Earl of Abercorn		Jun 1701
			He obtained a reversal of the attainder in 1692
Jun 1701		7	James Hamilton,6th Earl of Abercorn	1661	28 Nov 1734	73
2 Sep 1701	V[I]	1	Created Viscount Strabane [I] and
			Baron Mountcastle [I] 2 Sep 1701
			He had previously succeeded to the Earldom of
			Abercorn (qv) with which title this peerage
			then merged
			STRABOLGI
20 Oct 1318	B	1	David de Strabolgi,formerly Earl of Atholl (qv)		28 Dec 1327
			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
			Strabolgi 20 Oct 1318
28 Dec 1327		2	David de Strabolgi	1 Feb 1309	30 Nov 1335	26
30 Nov 1335		3	David de Strabolgi	1332	10 Oct 1369	37
to			On his death the peerage fell into abeyance
10 Oct 1369
8 Apr 1496		4	Edward Burgh		20 Aug 1528
			Abeyance terminated in his favour
20 Aug 1528		5	Thomas Burgh		28 Feb 1550
28 Feb 1550		6	William Burgh		10 Sep 1584
10 Sep 1584		7	Thomas Burgh		14 Oct 1597
14 Oct 1597		8	Robert Burgh		26 Feb 1602
to			On his death the peerage again fell into
26 Feb 1602			abeyance
9 May 1916		9	Cuthbert Matthias Kenworthy	24 Feb 1853	12 Feb 1934	80
			Abeyance terminated in his favour
12 Feb 1934		10	Joseph Montague Kenworthy	7 Mar 1886	8 Oct 1953	67
			MP for Hull Central 1919-1931
8 Oct 1953		11	David Montague de Burgh Kenworthy	1 Nov 1914	24 Dec 2010	96
24 Dec 2010		12	Andrew David Whitley Kenworthy	25 Jan 1967
			STRACHIE
3 Nov 1911	B	1	Sir Edward Strachey,4th baronet	30 Oct 1858	25 Jul 1936	77
			Created Baron Strachie 3 Nov 1911
			MP for Somerset South 1892-1911.
			Paymaster General 1912-1915. PC 1912
25 Jul 1936		2	Edward Strachey	13 Jan 1882	17 May 1973	91
to			Peerage extinct on his death
17 May 1973
			STRADBROKE
18 Jul 1821	E	1	Sir John Rous,6th baronet	30 May 1750	27 Aug 1827	77
			Created Baron Rous 14 Jun 1796, and
			Viscount Dunwich and Earl of
			Stradbroke 18 Jul 1821
			MP for Suffolk 1780-1796
27 Aug 1827		2	John Edward Cornwallis Rous	13 Feb 1794	27 Jan 1886	91
			Lord Lieutenant Suffolk 1844-1886
27 Jan 1886		3	John Mowbray Rous	19 Nov 1862	30 Dec 1947	85
			Governor of Victoria 1920-1926. Lord
			Lieutenant Suffolk 1935-1947
30 Dec 1947		4	John Anthony Alexander Rous	1 Apr 1903	14 Jul 1983	80
			Lord Lieutenanr Suffolk 1948-1978
14 Jul 1983		5	William Keith Rous	10 Mar 1907	18 Jul 1983	76
18 Jul 1983		6	Robert Keith Rous	25 Mar 1937
			STRAFFORD
12 Jan 1640	E	1	Sir Thomas Wentworth,2nd baronet	13 Apr 1593	12 May 1641	48
to			Created Baron Wentworth and Baron
12 May 1641			of Newmarch and Oversley
			22 Jul 1628,Viscount Wentworth
			13 Dec 1628 and Baron Raby and Earl
			of Strafford 12 Jan 1640
			MP for Yorkshire 1621-1622, 1625 and 1628
			and Pontefract 1624. Lord Lieutenant
			Yorkshire 1628. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
			1633-1641. KG 1640
			He was attainted and the peerage
			forfeited
1 Dec 1641		1	William Wentworth	8 Jun 1626	16 Oct 1695	69
19 May 1662		2	Created Baron Wentworth,Baron
to			of Newmarch and Oversley,Baron of
16 Oct 1695			Raby,Viscount Wentworth and
			Earl of Strafford 1 Dec 1641
			He obtained a reversal of the attainder in
			1662.
			KG 1661
			All peerages except the Barony of Raby
			extinct on his death
			-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
29 Jun 1711	E	1	Thomas Wentworth,3rd Baron Raby	17 Sep 1672	15 Nov 1739	67
			Created Viscount Wentworth and Earl
			of Strafford 29 Jun 1711
			First Lord of the Admiralty 1712-1714.
			PC 1711  KG 1712
15 Nov 1739		2	William Wentworth	Mar 1722	10 Mar 1791	69
10 Mar 1791		3	Frederick Thomas Wentworth	25 Feb 1742	6 Aug 1799	57
to			Peerages extinct on his death
6 Aug 1799
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18 Sep 1847	E	1	Sir John Byng	1772	3 Jun 1860	87
			Created Baron Strafford 12 May 1835
			and Viscount Enfield and Earl of
			Strafford 18 Sep 1847
			MP for Poole 1832-1835. Field Marshal 1855
			PC [I] 1828
3 Jun 1860		2	George Stevens Byng	8 Jun 1806	29 Oct 1886	80
			MP for Milborne Port 1830-1831 and 1831-1832,
			Chatham 1834-1835 and 1837-1853 and Poole
			1835-1837.  PC 1835
			He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of
			Acceleration as Baron Strafford 8 Apr 1853
29 Oct 1886		3	George Henry Charles Byng	22 Feb 1830	28 Mar 1898	68
			MP for Tavistock 1852-1857 and Middlesex
			1857-1874. Lord Lieutenant Middlesex 1884-1898
			He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of
			Acceleration as Baron Strafford 26 Feb 1874
28 Mar 1898		4	Henry William John Byng	21 Aug 1831	16 May 1899	67
			For further information on the death of this peer,
			see the note at the foot of this page.
16 May 1899		5	Francis Edmund Cecil Byng	15 Jan 1835	18 Jan 1918	83
18 Jan 1918		6	Edmund Henry Byng	27 Jan 1862	24 Dec 1951	89
24 Dec 1951		7	Robert Cecil Byng	29 Jul 1904	4 Mar 1984	79
4 Mar 1984		8	Thomas Edmund Byng	26 Sep 1936
			STRANG
16 Jan 1954	B	1	William Strang	2 Jan 1893	27 May 1978	85
			Created Baron Strang 16 Jan 1954
27 May 1978		2	Colin Strang	12 Jun 1922
			STRANGE
24 Jun 1295	B	1	Roger le Strange		31 Jul 1311
to			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
31 Jul 1311			Strange 24 Jun 1295
			Peerage extinct on his death
			-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Dec 1326	B	1	Sir Eubulus le Strange		8 Sep 1335
to			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
8 Sep 1335			Strange 3 Dec 1326
			Peerage extinct on his death
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 Mar 1628	B	1	James Stanley		3 Sep 1651
			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
			Strange 7 Mar 1628
			Succeeded as 7th Earl of Derby (qv) 1642
			For further information on this peerage, which was
			created in error, see the note at the foot of this
			page
3 Sep 1651		2	Charles Stanley,8th Earl of Derby	19 Jan 1628	21 Dec 1672	44
21 Dec 1672		3	William George Richard Stanley,
to			9th Earl of Derby	c 1655	5 Nov 1702
5 Nov 1702			On his death the peerage fell into abeyance
23 Apr 1714		4	Henrietta Ashburnham		26 Jun 1718
			She became sole heir in 1714
26 Jun 1718		5	Henrietta Bridget Ashburnham		8 Aug 1732
8 Aug 1732		6	James Stanley,10th Earl of Derby	3 Jul 1664	1 Feb 1736	71
1 Feb 1736		7	James Murray,2nd Duke of Atholl	28 Sep 1690	8 Jan 1764	73
8 Jan 1764		8	Charlotte Murray	c 1731	13 Oct 1805
13 Oct 1805		9	John Murray,4th Duke of Atholl	30 Jun 1755	29 Sep 1830	75
18 Aug 1786	E	1	Created Baron Murray of Stanley
			and Earl Strange 18 Aug 1786
29 Sep 1830		10	John Murray,5th Duke of Atholl	26 Jun 1778	14 Sep 1846	68
		2
14 Sep 1846		11	George Murray,6th Duke of Atholl	20 Sep 1814	16 Jan 1864	49
		3
16 Jan 1864		12	John James Stewart-Murray,7th Duke of Atholl	6 Aug 1840	20 Jan 1917	76
		4
20 Jan 1917		13	John George Stewart-Murray,8th Duke of
		5	Atholl	15 Dec 1871	16 Mar 1942	70
16 Mar 1942		14	James Thomas Murray,9th Duke of Atholl	18 Aug 1879	8 May 1957	77
to		6	On his death the Earldom became extinct
8 May 1957			whilst the Barony fell into abeyance
1965		15	John Drummond	6 May 1900	13 Apr 1982	81
to			Abeyance terminated in his favour. On
13 Apr 1982			his death the peerage again fell into
			abeyance
1986		16	Jean Cherry Drummond	17 Dec 1928	11 Mar 2005	76
			Abeyance terminated in her favour
11 Mar 2005		17	Adam Humphrey Drummond	20 Apr 1953
			STRANGE DE BLACKMERE
13 Jan 1309	B	1	Fulk le Strange	1267	23 Jan 1324	56
			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
			Strange 13 Jan 1309
23 Jan 1324		2	John le Strange	1305	21 Jul 1349	44
21 Jul 1349		3	Fulk le Strange	1320	30 Sep 1349	29
30 Sep 1349		4	John le Strange	1332	12 May 1361	28
12 May 1361		5	John le Strange	1353	3 Aug 1375	22
3 Aug 1375		6	Elizabeth Mowbray	6 Dec 1373	23 Aug 1383	9
23 Aug 1383		7	Ankaret Talbot	1361	1 Jun 1413	51
1 Jun 1413		8	Gilbert Talbot,Lord Talbot		19 Oct 1419
19 Oct 1419		9	Ankaret Talbot		13 Dec 1421
13 Dec 1421		10	John Talbot
			He was created Earl of Shrewsbury (qv) in
			1442 with which title this peerage then
			merged until it fell into abeyance in 1616
			STRANGE DE KNOKIN
29 Dec 1299	B	1	John le Strange	c 1254	8 Aug 1309
			Summoned to Parliament as Lord
			Strange de Knokin 29 Dec 1299
8 Aug 1309		2	John le Strange	c 1282	1311
1311		3	John le Strange	c 1297	1323
1323		4	Roger le Strange	15 Aug 1301	29 Jul 1349	47
29 Jul 1349		5	Roger le Strange	c 1326	26 Aug 1392
26 Aug 1392		6	John le Strange	c 1350	28 Jul 1397
28 Jul 1397		7	Richard le Strange	1 Aug 1381	9 Aug 1449	68
9 Aug 1449		8	John le Strange	c 1440	15 Oct 1477
15 Oct 1477		9	Joan le Strange	c 1460	20 Mar 1514
			She married George Stanley who was
			summoned to parliament in her right in 1482
			He died 5 Dec 1497. KG 1487
20 Mar 1514		10	Thomas Stanley,2nd Earl of Derby	by 1485	23 May 1521
23 May 1521		11	Edward Stanley,3rd Earl of Derby	10 May 1509	24 Oct 1572	63
24 Oct 1572		12	Henry Stanley,4th Earl of Derby		25 Sep 1593
			He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of
			Acceleration as Baron Strange 23 Jan 1559
25 Sep 1593		13	Ferdinando Stanley,5th Earl of Derby		16 Apr 1594
to			He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of
16 Apr 1594			Acceleration as Baron Strange 28 Jan 1589
			On his death the peerage fell into abeyance
23 Feb 1921		14	Elizabeth Frances Philipps	19 Jun 1884	12 Dec 1974	90
			Abeyance terminated in her favour 1921
12 Dec 1974		15	Jestyn Reginald Austen Plantagenet
			Philipps,2nd Viscount St.Davids	19 Feb 1917	10 Jun 1991	74
10 Jun 1991		16	Colwyn Jestyn John Philipps,3rd Viscount
			St.Davids	20 Jan 1939	26 Apr 2009	70
26 Apr 2009		17	Rhodri Colwyn Philipps,4th Viscount St.Davids	16 Sep 1966
			STRANGFORD
17 Jul 1628	V[I]	1	Sir Thomas Smythe	c 1599	30 Jun 1635
			Created Viscount Strangford
			17 Jul 1628
30 Jun 1635		2	Philip Smythe	23 Mar 1634	8 Aug 1708	74
			MP for Hythe 1660-1661
8 Aug 1708		3	Endymion Smythe		9 Nov 1724
9 Nov 1724		4	Philip Smythe	14 Mar 1715	29 Apr 1787	72
29 Apr 1787		5	Lionel Smythe	19 May 1753	1 Oct 1801	48
1 Oct 1801		6	Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe	31 Aug 1780	29 May 1855	74
			Created Baron Penshurst 26 Jan 1825
			PC 1808
29 May 1855		7	George Augustus Frederick Percy
			Sydney Smythe	16 Apr 1818	23 Nov 1857	39
			MP for Canterbury 1840-1852
23 Nov 1857		8	Percy Ellen Algernon Frederick William
to			Sydney Smythe	26 Nov 1825	9 Jan 1869	43
9 Jan 1869			Peerages extinct on his death
			STRASBURGER
10 Jan 2011	B[L]	1	Paul Cline Strasburger
			Created Baron Strasburger for life 10 Jan 2011
			STRATFORD
23 Jun 2005	B[L]	1	Anthony Louis Banks	8 Apr 1943	8 Jan 2006	62
to			Created Baron Stratford 23 Jun 2005
8 Jan 2006			MP for Newham NW 1983-1997 and West Ham
			1997-2005.
			Peerage extinct on his death
			STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE
1 May 1852	V	1	Sir Stratford Canning	4 Nov 1786	14 Aug 1880	93
to			Created Viscount Stratford de
14 Aug 1880			Redcliffe 1 May 1852
			MP for Old Sarum 1828-1830, Stockbridge
			1831-1832 and Kings Lynn 1835-1842. PC 1820
			KG 1869
			Peerage extinct on his death
			STRATHALLAN
16 Aug 1686	V[S]	1	William Drummond	c 1617	23 Mar 1688
			Created Lord Drummond of Cromlix
			and Viscount Strathallan 16 Aug 1686
23 Mar 1688		2	William Drummond	8 Aug 1670	7 Jul 1702	31
7 Jul 1702		3	William Drummond	1694	26 May 1711	16
26 May 1711		4	William Drummond		14 Apr 1746
14 Apr 1746		5	James Drummond	10 Jun 1722	22 Jun 1765	43
to			He was attainted and the peerage forfeited
18 Apr 1746
[22 Jun 1765]			[James Drummond]		10 Dec 1775
[10 Dec 1775]			[Andrew John Drummond]	1758	20 Jan 1817	58
[20 Jan 1817]			James Andrew John Laurence Charles
17 Jun 1824		6	Drummond	24 Mar 1767	14 May 1851	84
			He obtained a reversal of the attainder in
			1824.
			MP for Perthshire 1812-1824
14 May 1851		7	William Henry Drummond	5 Mar 1810	23 Jan 1886	75
23 Jan 1886		8	James David Drummond	23 Oct 1839	5 Dec 1893	54
5 Dec 1893		9	William Huntley Drummond	5 Aug 1871	20 Aug 1937	66
			He succeeded to the Earldom of Perth (qv)
			in 1902 with which title this peerage then
			merged
			STRATHALMOND
18 Feb 1955	B	1	William Fraser	3 Nov 1888	1 Apr 1970	81
			Created Baron Strathalmond
			18 Feb 1955
1 Apr 1970		2	William Fraser	8 May 1916	27 Oct 1976	60
27 Oct 1976		3	William Robertson Fraser	22 Jul 1947
			STRATHAVON
3 Nov 1684	B [S]	1	George Gordon,Marquess of Huntly	c 1643	7 Dec 1716
			Created Lord Badenoch,Lochaber,
			Strathavon,Balmore,Auchindoun,
			Garthie and Kincardine,Viscount of
			Inverness,Earl of Huntly and Enzie,
			Marquess of Huntly and Duke of
			Gordon 3 Nov 1684
			See "Gordon" - extinct 1836
			STRATHCARRON
11 Jan 1936	B	1	Sir James Ian Macpherson,1st baronet	14 May 1880	14 Aug 1937	57
			Created Baron Strathcarron
			11 Jan 1936
			MP for Ross and Cromarty 1911-1935. Chief
			Secretary for Ireland 1919-1920. Minister
			of Pensions 1920-1922.  PC 1918  PC [I] 1918
14 Aug 1937		2	David William Anthony Blyth Macpherson	22 Jan 1924	31 Aug 2006	82
31 Aug 2006		3	Ian David Patrick Macpherson	31 Mar 1949
			STRATHCLYDE
15 Jan 1914	B	1	Alexander Ure	22 Feb 1853	2 Oct 1928	75
to			Created Baron Strathclyde 15 Jan 1914
2 Oct 1928			MP for Linlithgowshire 1895-1913. Solicitor
			General [S] 1905-1909. Lord Advocate 1909
			Lord Justice General [S] 1913-1920.
			PC 1909
			Peerage extinct on his death
			----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 May 1955	B	1	Thomas Dunlop Galbraith	20 Mar 1891	12 Jul 1985	94
			Created Baron Strathclyde 4 May 1955
			MP for Pollok 1940-1955. Minister of
			State for Scotland 1955-1958.  PC 1953
12 Jul 1985		2	Thomas Galloway Dunlop du Roy de
			Blicquy Galbraith	22 Feb 1960
			PC 1995  CH 2013
			STRATHCONA AND MOUNT ROYAL
23 Aug 1897	B	1	Donald Alexander Smith	6 Aug 1820	21 Jan 1914	93
to			Created Baron Strathcona and
21 Jan 1914			Mount Royal 23 Aug 1897 and
26 Jun 1900	B	1	26 Jun 1900
			On his death the Barony of 1897 became
			extinct whilst the Barony of 1900
			passed to -
21 Jan 1914		2	Margaret Charlotte Howard	17 Jan 1854	18 Aug 1926	72
18 Aug 1926		3	Donald Stirling Palmer Howard	14 Jun 1891	22 Feb 1959	67
			MP for Cumberland North 1922-1926
22 Feb 1959		4	Donald Evan Palmer Howard	26 Nov 1923
			Wilfred Carlyle Stamp, 2nd Baron Stamp
			On 16 April 1941, Josiah Charles Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp, together with his wife and eldest son,
			Wilfred Carlyle Stamp, were killed when a German bomb hit their London house.
			The question arose as to whether Lord Stamp or his son died first. If Lord Stamp died first, then
			Wilfred succeeded as the 2nd Baron Stamp, even if only for a split second. If Wilfred died first,
			then he never succeeded to the peerage. In either event, the peerage passed to the next
			eldest son, Trevor Charles Stamp, so that, either way, the descent of the peerage was not
			affected by the order of the deaths. However, the order of death would determine whether
			Wilfred's surviving family would enjoy the rights and style of a peer's widow and daughters.
			Questions of the order of death had often, over previous centuries, exercised the minds of the
			Courts, and in particular the Probate Court, since, in default of evidence, there was no
			presumption that one of several persons involved in the same event outlived the others. Many
			early cases were more concerned with presumption of death. It was not uncommon 200 years
			ago, at a time when passage from say, England to Australia, took many months, both for
			people and for the mails, for people to leave England, either voluntarily or involuntarily, to be
			never heard from again. Such events raised a number of questions - who was entitled to any
			property left behind by the missing person?; at what point could a deserted spouse re-marry?
			Over time, it became generally accepted that a period of 7 years was sufficient to presume
			death.
			The issue of presumption of death arises when there is no evidence of death, but what happens
			when one person, and another who would benefit in some way by the death of the first person,
			die in circumstances which render the order of their deaths uncertain? In most early cases, the
			Courts looked at the nature of the disaster and the comparative robustness of the parties in
			order to decide who had the best chance of surviving the other(s), even if only by a few
			seconds. Consequently, if, for example, a husband and wife both died in the same event, the
			Courts presumed that the husband, as the stronger party, survived his wife.
			To settle this matter once and for all, the (British) Property Law Act of 1925 provided that 'in
			all cases where, after the commencement of this Act, two or more persons have died in
			circumstances rendering it uncertain which of them survived the other or others, such deaths
			shall (subject to the order of the court), for all purposes affecting the title to property, be
			presumed to have occurred in order of seniority, and accordingly the younger shall be deemed
			to have survived the elder.' [It seems to me that this provision is, in some circumstances,
			highly doubtful - if a 30 year old man and his 6 month old son are shipwrecked in freezing
			waters, my money would be on the father surviving longer, but the law assumes the father dies
			first.]
			On 30 September 1941, based on the provision in the Property Law Act, the House of Lords
			approved the issuing of a writ to Trevor Stamp as the 3rd Baron Stamp, thereby assuming that
			Wilfred had succeeded as the 2nd Baron Stamp.
			Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope
			The following sketch of the 3rd Earl's life appeared in the Australian monthly magazine, "Parade'"
			in its issue for April 1955:-
			'Crackpot or genius? That is the question that seems to have baffled most of the biographers of
			Charles Stanhope, 18th century statesman and scientist. Throughout his lifetime the eccentric
			earl had his contemporary Englishmen alternately agog with admiration, roaring with laughter, or
			white with fury; for his several outstanding achievements were so mixed with acts of what
			appeared to be sheer lunacy, and his disposition was so "wayward and excitable," that even his
			own family could not understand him.
			'One of his three daughters, Lady Hester Stanhope, eventually went off to Arabia to live in the
			desert like an Arab sheik; another eloped with the family apothecary. [For a biography of Lady
			Hester, see the next note after this].
			'There was the time, for instance, when he invented a method of fire-proofing. At enormous
			cost, the earl caused to be erected an elaborate building for the sole purpose of burning it
			down. While the flames roared up from the basement, Stanhope sat in a room on the first floor
			that he had fire-proofed, emerging slightly singed but otherwise unhurt, thereby proving the
			merit of his invention. But it was a long time before people round about could be convinced that
			he wasn't a dangerous lunatic.
			'A scion of one of England's noblest and richest families, he was born in London in 1753. Even as
			a child he showed interest in scientific research, but he did not receive much encouragement
			from his parents; in fact, they forbade all mathematical studies to a boy who was one day to be
			considered one of the foremost mathematicians of his age, as being quite useless to his position
			as heir to a peerage. Nevertheless, Charles managed to cram his beloved figures secretly during
			his studies in Geneva while his parents thought he was engaged in literary pursuits.
			When he returned to England from Switzerland he had absorbed enough of Genevan puritanism
			to be shocked and disgusted at the "goings-on" in fashionable London, where princes of the
			blood trifled with chambermaids, peers were found drunk in the gutters of Piccadilly, and more
			than one of the country's most influential statesmen lost fortunes at the gaming tables.
			'He at once attracted attention by refusing to wear powder or wig, and by "sleeping with no
			nightcap and the window open" in that stuffy age when fresh air by night was counted
			unhealthy.
			'Stanhope began his similarly independent career as a statesman as representative of High
			Wycombe, a post he held until his accession to the peerage in 1786 and his elevation to the
			Lords. From the moment he entered parliament, he was engaged in the most hectic series of
			political battles the House of Commons had seen staged in many a year. One of the firm friends
			of his youth was William Pitt, later Prime Minister, to whose star Stanhope at first hitched his
			wagon. Pitt was at that time an ardent reformer, and the friendship endured until 1789, when
			events made bitter enemies of the two. Meanwhile, in 1774, Stanhope had married Lady Hester
			Pitt, William Pitt's sister. Though he was fond of his wife, his main passion was already scientific
			research. The first year of the marriage was barren of issue - possibly because Stanhope was
			then engrossed in perfecting his fire-proofing invention. That done, however, he found more
			time for domestic matters; and towards the end of the second year, the more famous of his two
			daughters was born, the future Lady Hester Stanhope. The marriage was also blessed by the
			issue of a second daughter, the future Lady Lucy Rachel Stanhope, and four sons.
			'Coincident with the birth of his daughters he invented two remarkable calculating machines. The
			first, by means of cleverly constructed cogs and dial-plates, movable with a steel pin, performed
			formidable sums of addition and subtraction with speed and accuracy. The second solved
			division and multiplication problems.
			'His scientific interests and attainments brought Stanhope into contact with the American
			statesman-scientist Benjamin Franklin, who at that time was in England as ambassador for the
			newly-established republic of the United States. From him, Stanhope absorbed ultra-democratic
			principles that were later to make him an outcast among his fellow aristocrats, as "a
			revolutionary socialist pariah." With typical enthusiasm and fearlessness of consequences, he
			began to voice his democratic beliefs in parliament, and soon established a reputation as a man
			"of great verbal violence." In debates he was in the habit of wildly waving his arms, upsetting
			inkwells and generally turning even a mild discussion into bedlam.
			'In 1787 Stanhope joined an association in Parliament to work for the abolition of the slave
			trade. He had a number of savage encounters with the chief enemy of the abolitionists, Lord
			Thurlow, in which both sides used language that rocked even the fairly shock-proof Georgian
			Parliament.
			'After the question of slavery had been postponed because of war, Stanhope launched into the
			struggle for freedom of religious worship for Roman Catholics in Britain. While he was blasting
			the opposition with fierce debates on the subject, the bombshell of the French Revolution
			exploded. Stanhope, Pitt and Fox hailed the "rising of the masses in Paris" as the dawn of a new
			era, but Pitt and Fox later became opponents of the Revolution. Stanhope clung to his
			admiration of "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" for the rest of his life, and so became a "minority of
			one" among his fellow peers and parliamentarians.
			'He formed a society, "Friends of the French Revolution," of which he was chairman, and
			engaged in cordial correspondence with various members of the National Assembly in Paris. In a
			series of letters he advised the new French government to establish a system of banking he had
			worked out to "abolish inequality of wealth once and for all." He also advised the rigid separation
			of Church and State in the new France, and recommended that no mercy should be shown to
			"counter-revolutionary aristocratic movements" - all of which was scarcely calculated to make
			him a popular figure in England, where despotism ruled in quaking fear of the Revolution's
			spreading. But, unmoved by anything but the dictates of his own conscience, Stanhope refused
			to be intimidated by public criticism. With much "verbal violence" and wild waving of arms, he
			vigorously argued and voted "as a minority of one" against Britain's interference in France's
			affairs, and against the Tories' endeavours to plunge the nation into war against the
			revolutionaries.
			'When the execution of King Louis and Queen Marie Antoinette swung public opinion on the side
			of the Tories and England joined Austria in war against France, he continued to exhort the
			nation against it. His was the only vote in the House opposing "interference in French internal
			affairs," and he was much abused at the time because of it. Later, a medal was struck in his
			honour, inscribed to "The Majority of One."
			'By now, the revolutionary Earl had become centre of a fierce controversy raging all over
			England. The Tory Party flooded the country with bitter caricatures of his lean and awkward
			figure, and his very appearance in parliament was signalled by a barrage of hisses, catcalls, and
			shouts of "Jacobine." The public in whose interests he fought had also turned against him.
			Abroad he was hailed as a courageous champion of liberty, but at home he was depicted in
			cartoons as a traitor assisting a French army of invasion.
			'With redoubled zeal, the Earl returned to scientific pursuits and experimental mechanics. He
			began to dabble with the idea of steam as a means of naval propulsion, and long before Fulton
			designed his first steam-powered boat, constructed a series of steam-driven models using
			various forms of paddles.
			'He also invented the first hand-operated printing machine entirely made of iron. Known as the
			Stanhope Press, it proved a considerable aid to the printing industry and long remained in use.
			Realising "what a material thing it is to prevents nuts from unscrewing," he invented the
			ingenious little contrivance used to this day in almost every form of machinery, the split pin.
			'His attempts to develop steam navigation were frustrated by the conservatism of the Admiralty
			Board. Turning to the study of waterways, Stanhope drew up plans and surveyed the course for
			a ship-carrying canal across Devonshire. Apathy greeted this idea, too, though, later, it was
			proved to be eminently sound.
			'While engaged on these inventions and in scientific researches that produced a lens bearing his
			name an a monochord for tuning musical instruments, he tried his hand at authorship, penning
			"Reflections on the French Revolution" [1790] and an "Essay on the Rights of Juries" [1792],
			that enhanced his reputation as a liberal-minded free-thinker.
			'He had a brief moment of triumph upon the abolition of slavery in 1804, but the rest of his
			second political period, which lasted until 1811, was spent in hectic but fruitless debates on
			corn-law reform and broader religious liberties that had their fruition after his death.
			'Frustrated in politics, Stanhope vented his spleen on his family, with the result that his home
			life at Chevening Manor became unbearable.  His first wife had died in 1780 [aged only 24], and
			a year later he married Louisa Grenville, daughter and heiress of Lord Grenville. He soon found he
			had nothing in common with his second wife, a conservative and rather petty woman who was
			completely baffled by the "revolutionary" activities of her husband. He had never felt ant deep
			affection for his children, and as his unpopular political ideals divested him of friends, he came
			to depend less and less on human sympathy, and his character became hard and unyielding.
			'Lucy, his youngest daughter, led the way by falling in love with [Thomas] Taylor, the family
			doctor. Stanhope's democratic principles did not cover a case like that, and when Lucy married
			the medico against his wishes Stanhope ceased to regard her as his daughter. Another daughter,
			Griselda, left home suddenly and later married an obscure army officer. Stanhope's eldest son,
			[Viscount] Mahon, was guarded like a prisoner and treated in such a manner that he was finally
			forced to flee with the aid of his elder sister, Hester. After that, Stanhope's behaviour towards
			his other sons grew outrageous and flogging was an almost daily occurrence.
			'In 1808, Stanhope's son Mahon charged his father with felling and selling timber rightfully
			belonging to himself. The court gave a decision in Mahon's favour. It was the bitterest
			humiliation in Stanhope's life. Stricken with dropsy and depending solely on his wife for company,
			Stanhope's last years were the unhappiest of an unhappy life. He died at Chevening in 1816, an
			embittered terribly lonely old man, who, as one of his biographers puts it, "had just missed
			greatness by an inch."
			Lady Hester Lucy Stanhope (12 March 1776-23 June 1839), daughter of the
			3rd Earl Stanhope
			The following biography of Lady Hester Stanhope appeared in the April 1949 issue of the
			Australian monthly magazine "Parade":-
			'Women, according to man-made tradition, are notoriously apt to do the queerest things at the
			oddest times. Lady Hester Lucy Stanhope was one woman who justified the tradition in no
			uncertain manner. At the height of her fame and popularity in London society as the beautiful
			and brainy niece of England's famous William Pitt the elder, at the beginning of the last [i.e.19th]
			century she chose to run off and install herself as a kind of woman sheikh in a grim and grimy
			"castle" on the lonely summit of Mount Lebanon in Syria.
			'Born in the great halls of Chevening Manor, Kent, reared in the atmosphere of high society,
			scion of three noble houses, the Pitts, the Grenvilles and the Stanhopes, the darling of Mayfair
			drawing rooms, and the mistress of Downing Street, she ended her life alone and forlorn on a
			wind-swept mountain top, walled up in a fortress tomb of her own making, a senile old woman
			on a bed of rags. By "ordinary" standards it was an insane thing to do; but Lady Hester, though
			she was anything but an ordinary kind of woman, was by no means insane. A regal type nearly
			six feet tall, she had a shrewd mind and brilliant intelligence besides an impressive beauty of
			face and figure. That she was not just a crank is proven by the fact that for twenty-five years
			she maintained herself as the acknowledged leader of an extensive Arab domain, and grew to be
			respected by the British Government as the female Lawrence of Arabia of her time.
			'The year of the American Declaration of Independence, 1776, witnessed her birth, and from her
			father, Charles, Viscount Mahon, later third Earl Stanhope, she, too, inherited an unquenchable
			independence. From her mother, Lady Hester Pitt, sister of England's great Prime Minister, came
			some of the other qualities which were to make her an extraordinary figure - a keen and inquiring
			mind, a flair for argument, and a certain imperiousness which won respect even when it inspired
			resentment. As a child, Hester laid down the law to her sisters and dominated the household
			generally - that is, all the members of it except her father, who alone had a temperament to
			match that of his wayward and headstrong daughter.
			'As a blossoming young woman, flattered and courted by male society, she was continually at
			loggerheads with her erratic, tyrannical father who brooked few contradictions outside his home
			and none at all inside it. No one house could hold two such personalities together for long.
			Although many suitors came none had what it takes to embark upon the sea of matrimony with
			such a bouncing mate, at the helm as the beautiful Hester. There were many flirtations, and
			scandal attached to the wayward Hester's name from her associations with the mad and murd-
			erous Lord Camelford [qv], her cousin, who shot his superior officer in the Navy during a fit of
			insane fury. But no proposal came and in 1804 Camelford was himself shot dead in a duel in the
			fields of Kensington.
			'Hester travelled abroad seeking diversion in the rowdy society of her uncle's, Lord Chatham,
			military camps on the Continent. For peace and harmony's sake she packed her bags at the
			age of 27 and departed from home to serve her cousin, William Pitt, the younger, then battling
			to save England from Napoleon. She had had very little education, but fulfilled the duties of a
			secretary to Prime Minister Pitt and mistress of Downing Street with talent becoming the states-
			man like qualities of her famous uncle, winning the approval and friendship of the erratic
			sovereign George III himself. Stately, imperious and autocratic, she ruled the Pitt ménage with
			the lash of a biting tongue that spared neither prince nor peer, ever watchful of her adored
			cousin's interests. The association lasted three years. In 1806 Pitt succumbed at last to 32
			years of over-indulgence in port on which he had been weaned as a child to cure him of
			anaemia.
			'During this period Hester had more stormy and scandalous love affairs, but still no proposals of
			marriage. Her love-making was too violent and demanding for her suitors whom she dropped by
			the wayside to be wooed and captured by lesser women. The death of Pitt left Hester
			impoverished and in poor health, but beforehand he had asked Parliament if it wished to honour
			him to provide for her. This it did with a pension of £1200 a year. After a period of bitter grief
			Hester was once more embroiled in scandal, her name being coupled with many men, among
			them Foreign Secretary George Canning, soldier Sir John Moore, hero of Corunna, and Lord
			Granville Leveson-Gower.
			'Four years after Pitt's death Hester decided to quit her homeland for ever. Her health still poor,
			she engaged a young impecunious doctor, Charles Meryon, to accompany her, and set out on
			the travels that were to land her in the lonely heights of Lebanon. On February 10, 1810, she
			embarked for Sicily on the frigate Jason, one of the guardians of a merchant convoy bound for
			Gibraltar. Ill winds and violent storms dogged the ship which narrowly escaped being smashed to
			pieces on the shoals of Trafalgar. Nearly a month passed before Lady Hester stepped ashore to
			be greeted by the company she liked, the rough and hearty garrison officers of Gibraltar. Though
			rising 35 she laid siege to and conquered the heart of a 22-year-old wealthy socialite, Michael
			Bruce. With Dr. Meryon tagging along, nursing an unrequited passion, the trio sailed on to Malta.
			'Four months later the capricious lady set sail down the coast of Greece-then a Turkish domain -
			for Corinth, where she was entertained in regal splendour by the Turkish Bey. For a time she and
			her consort, Bruce, and the ubiquitous doctor set up house in Constantinople, where her daring
			in riding unveiled through the streets attracted the interest of His August Majesty the Sultan
			Mahmoud, Commander of the Faithful, debauched and insensate monarch of the crumbling
			Ottoman Empire.
			Here Lady Hester gained the acquaintance and friendship of several powerful Turkish pashas,
			while she maintained court for all the English residents and travellers who chose to visit her. She
			shocked the Turks by patronising bathing houses as a Turkish lady, by inspecting the Turkish
			fleet dressed as a man and by other defiances of the conventions. But her wit and hospitality
			won their esteem.
			'Soon Constantinople began to chafe her restless spirit and her entourage set sail on a ricketty
			Greek sailing vessel for Egypt. The boat was wrecked off Rhodes by a storm. Hester, Bruce and
			the doctor were washed up on a nearby rocky island, all their possessions, except a pocketful
			of sovereigns and a pair of pistols, sunk to the bottom of the Aegean Sea. Picked up by a
			passing ship after a miserable day-and-night fight against hordes of ravenous rats, the fantastic
			trio were given shelter on the island of Rhodes, where for months Hester lived and dressed like
			a Turk.
			'When she did reach Egypt and was entertained by the Turkish Pasha Mehamet Ali, then
			conspiring to break away from the domination of the Sultan, Lady Hester stuck to the garb of a
			glorified Barbary pirate - pantaloons of purple and gold, girdle and sash of brocaded velvet,
			jewelled dagger and all. The swashbuckling Albanian adventurer, Mehamet Ali, founder of the
			present Royal House of Egypt, and the convention-defying Lady Hester had much in common
			and spent a lot of time in each other's company. Mehamet paid her the unusual compliment,
			for a Turk, of receiving her standing.
			'From Egypt, Hester journeyed into Palestine. Legends of her popularity with Mehamet Ali Pasha
			and of her beauty, courage and generosity everywhere preceded her. After many adventures
			she was invited by the Emir Bechir, leader of the Druses, to visit him in his palace, at the Druse
			capital of Deir El Kammar in the Lebanon. The Druses were and are a mysterious race, speaking
			Arabic, but of Aryan descent, with a religion neither Mohammedan, Christian nor Jewish, but
			having some qualities from each. Savage, fearless fighters, they have fought all-comers for
			centuries to preserve intact their strange religion and semi-feudalistic form of society. Bruce
			soon tired of life among these people and left for Aleppo. But Hester stayed on, entranced by
			by the homage paid her by the Druses.
			'Returning after a while to Damascus, she set up court as a kind of Anglo-Turkish potentate,
			living the life of a man in the Moslem quarter, and journeying into the desert dressed as an Arab
			sheik. In these journeys she gained an extensive knowledge of the mixed politics and ways of life
			of the peoples of Asia Minor, living among the Bedouin sheiks as an equal. Her popularity with
			the native peoples rose to its zenith in 1813, when, after a dangerous crossing of hundreds of
			miles of mountain and desert, the battlegrounds of a dozen warring tribes, she entered the
			ancient town of Palmyra to be crowned Melika (Queen) of the Arabs.
			'If the Lady Hester, now deserted by her lover, but still followed by her faithful medico, had any
			intention of ever returning to England the decision was taken from her by the great plague which
			just then swept through Asia Minor in the wake of war. Stricken by the plague and her health
			irreparably weakened, she established herself in the tumble-down buildings of a former Greek
			convent, Mar Elias, on a lonely mountainside near Sidon on the way to Deir El Kammar. Here she
			became the chatelaine of a considerable retinue of native servants and a kind of feudal baroness
			of the villagers round about. Her household was presided over by a huge Arab dragoman and the
			diminutive but ever loyal Dr. Meryon. An English maidservant, Anne Fry, was the sole companion
			of her own sex.
			'She lived thus for seven years, making many journeys into the remote interior of Asia Minor and
			Arabia. By order of the Sultan, every door was open to her. Soliman Pasha accorded her the
			dignity of royalty. She became the intermediary for Continental governments to the court of
			Constantinople. Her influence with the King of France on one occasion saved her erstwhile lover,
			Bruce, from gaol. At another time dire revenge was wreaked by her orders against the native
			Ansarys for their murder of a French government agent. Fifty-two villages were razed to the
			ground. Her word was virtually law throughout Syria. Her audacity won for her the reputation of
			a supernatural being. She herself believed that she was destined to become Queen of Jerusalem.
			Her vengeance on the Ansary tribes gained her the title "Defender of the Oppressed." Arab
			sheiks as well as Europeans sought audience with her in her remote mountain home. She was
			the acknowledged mistress of the Lebanon.
			'When Lady Hester was 44 she had another bizarre love affair with a young ex-officer of
			Napoleon's Imperial Guard, who came to Syria looking for his father who had been shipwrecked
			off the coast some years before. The young officer died at Mar Elias. The saddened Hester
			moved to a ruined monastery in an even more remote part of the Lebanon, on a bare mountain
			top above the Druse village of Djoun, taking the bones of her lover with her. Here she lived the
			life of a female prophetess, sleeping most of the day and coming out to study the stars at
			night. She remodelled her monastery as an impregnable fortress. Outside the walls there was
			nothing but barren mountain and empty valley; inside was a kind of feudal Eden.
			'For 18 years Lady Hester lived at Djoun attended by one lone Englishwoman. Dr. Meryon she
			sent back to England, where he married. Ill-health and debt began to overwhelm the ageing
			Hester as the years passed. Her influential friends died one by one and only the veneration of
			the Druses and the desert sheiks prevented her being driven out of the country by an unfriendly
			Emir. Gradually her mind began to fail; she began to dabble in magic and necromancy. Many
			distinguished travellers from Europe came to see her, but went away convinced that she was
			mad. Her superstitious native servants began to flee from her in terror.
			'At last one morning Hester awoke to find herself alone. Her Englishwoman companion had died
			during the night and the last of the native servants had fled. She was found days later lying in
			her bed, stiff and cold and on the verge of death from starvation, by a little Metoulay girl. The
			the loyal Dr. Meryon returned with his wife to look after her. He was shocked at the change.
			Her sole attendant was a Nubian slave who slept in the doorway of the only room that was
			habitable in the many crumbling buildings of Djoun. The walls were tottering and the courtyards
			knee-high in weeds. Filth and squalor were everywhere. Meryon restored some semblances of
			order to this strange ménage and Hester recovered sufficient of her old strength and courage
			to hurl verbal shafts at the invading Mehamet Ali of Egypt, then in the process of conquering
			the Asiatic provinces of the Turkish Sultan.
			'Djoun again became crowded with refugees from the Egyptian invaders. The Druses were over-
			come, but Mehamet Ali hesitated to violate the domains of the queer Englishwoman though she
			repeatedly defied him. But poverty was pressing her hard. She appealed to England for aid and
			was refused. The refusal affected her deeply. She had the entrance to Djoun bricked up and
			swore never to communicate with the outside world again. On an afternoon in June, 1839, she
			died with only Dr. Meryon at her bedside. The next afternoon she was buried in one of the
			weedy courtyards of Djoun. One of the strangest woman adventurers in history had at last
			found peace.'
			Henry Edward John Stanley, third Baron Stanley of Alderley and second
			Baron Eddisbury
			Stanley was the first Muslim peer, having converted to Islam in 1862. This conversion did
			not however, prevent him restoring the Llanbadrig Church (Welsh for the "Church of St.
			Patrick") on Anglesey.
			Since alcohol is forbidden in Islam, he did, however, order the closure of all public houses
			and inns in Nether Alderley.
			Stanley "married" three times - in 1862, 1869 and 1874 - to the same woman, Fabia,
			daughter of Santiago Federico San Roman, of Seville in Spain. The 1869 "marriage" was
			performed in the St. George, Hanover Square Registry Office and the 1874 "marriage" at the
			the Roman Catholic Church of St. Alban in Macclesfield. It was later discovered that Fabia
			was identical with Serafina Fernandez y Funes of Alcandete, Jaen in Spain who had
			previously married a Ramon Peres y Abril in 1851. He died in 1870. As a result, the
			"marriages" of 1862 and 1869 were bigamous. As no children were born of these "marriages",
			the succession of the titles upon his death did not become an issue.
			At Stanley's funeral in 1903, as the coffin was being lowered into the grave, Stanley's
			nephew removed his hat out of respect, whereupon Stanley's brother Algernon, who was a
			Roman Catholic bishop, said "Not your hat, you fool, your boots!"
			The claim that the second Earl of Landaff was the first Muslim peer, as stated by Dr. Yaqub
			Zaki in a letter to Times Online in December 2007, appears to me to be highly doubtful.
			The Stirling Peerage claim of 1834-1839
			The following article, written by Dalrymple Belgrave, is taken from a series entitled "Romances
			of High Life" published in the 'Manchester Times' in 1898:-
			'History tells us that James I granted a charter to his favourite, Sir William Alexander - courtier,
			poet, and Secretary of State for Scotland - giving him the whole of Nova Scotia, so that he
			could found a colony, with the right of making knights baronet of Nova Scotia, in order to raise
			money for colonisation. James afterwards, by another charter, granted him the whole of Canada,
			and Charles I confirmed these charters. They were, indeed, stupendous gifts, but it happened
			that French claims to Canada and Nova Scotia, and French ability in the Stuart reigns to
			enforce these claims, prevented their being of much effect. France always asserted her right
			to Canada. In Nova Scotia Alexander attempted to found colonies, but they were failures, and
			there was no successful colonisation there before 1667, when the French claims to the country
			were allowed.
			'In 1628 [actually 1630] Charles I created Alexander Viscount Stirling. Two years afterwards
			[but actually in 1633] he created him Earl of Stirling and Viscount Canada, the peerage being
			granted to him and his heirs male. The first Earl died in 1640, and then there were four more
			Earls, his descendants. The fifth Earl died in 1739 and then the peerage became extinct or
			dormant, as there were no more male descendants of the first Earl. It was not allowed to sleep
			in peace. In 1760 an American Alexander - who afterwards fought against England in the War of
			Independence, and became a general - claimed the peerage, as the male heir of the first Earl's
			brother. He failed, however, to prove his claim. Early in this [the 19th] century there was a more
			remarkable claim. The claimant was a Mr. Alexander Humphreys. He was born in 1784, the son of
			a respectable and fairly affluent Birmingham merchant. His mother was the daughter of the Rev.
			John Alexander, a Presbyterian minister at Stratford-on-Avon. The Humphreys, father and son.
			were unfortunate enough to visit France in 1802, and to become victims to Napoleon's spite, as
			on war breaking out again he made prisoners of all the English tourists. The imprisonment ruined
			the family business, and in 1807 Mr. Humphreys the elder died in exile. The son's imprisonment,
			which lasted until 1814, was probably made less irksome by the fact that he met with a
			Neapolitan lady, Fortunata Barolloti, whom he married in 1812.
			'This lady had a rather remarkable friend, a Madame Le Norman, who, under the sympathetic
			surroundings of the First Empire, had made a reputation in the curious calling of a fortune-teller
			who told fortunes by cutting the cards and other methods. She told the fortune of her friend's
			husband, charging him one hundred francs for it. "He will encounter many toils and distresses,
			but will arrive at great honours." The toils and distresses came soon enough on his return to his
			native land, in the shape of an unsuccessful attempt to start a school, combined with the trade
			of a wine merchant. A few years after his return he attempted to arrive at greater honours by
			claiming the Earldom of Stirling. There seemed to be a difficulty in his way, for the original grant
			was to the first Earl and his heirs male, while Mr. Alexander Humphreys, or Alexander, as he
			then called himself, claimed through his mother. This difficulty, however, the claimant got over.
			Near the end of the first Earl's life, he said two of his sons had died, and being afraid that he
			would be left without sons he had resigned all his gifts to the Crown, and had received a new
			charter or Novodamus from the King, granting them all again to him and to the heirs male of his
			body, and to the eldest heir female of the last of his heirs male, and to her heir male. Where was
			that charter? Well, the claimant said, it had been stolen from his grandmother by the American
			claimant. It had been registered in the register of the Great Seal, but that part of the register
			was missing; and as a matter of fact there were some missing pages in the register. The
			claimant's evidence at first consisted of family papers. In 1723, his grandfather, the Rev. John,
			who was the son of John Alexander, of Antrim - the son of another John, who was the fourth
			son of the first Earl - made inquiries into the peerage. There was a letter to him from a Mr.
			Gordon, whom he had employed to look into matters, and who read the Novodamus, which was
			then, for some unexplained reason, in the possession of T. Conyers, Esq., of Castleclaigh,
			Ireland, and he gave an account of the limitations of the grant, which was of the title and the
			Nova Scotian and Canadian rights.
			'The letter said that Mr. Conyers would give up the charter, and on the letter the Rev. John
			had made a note that he had obtained the charter, and that the writer of the letter gave an
			exact description of the limitations.
			'On the strength of this evidence he took the title of the Earl of Stirling, but his enjoyment
			of it was limited by pecuniary embarrassment, and he was unsuccessful in attempting to raise
			money. In about 1824 he employed a Mr. Thomas Christopher Banks. A gentleman who had
			written a book on dormant peerages, and had great faith in the possibilities of a peerage claim.
			When he was in Ireland this gentleman made the first of a series of wonderful finds which were
			characteristic of the story. Someone sent to his hotel at Carlow a packet which contained an
			ancient document, which turned out to be an excerpt or copy of the deed of Novodamus. It
			was initialled by Mr. Conyers, who endorsed upon it that the original document was in his
			keeping. Encouraged by this, the claimant began to prosecute his claim vigorously.
			'In attempting to prove the tenour of the lost charter on the strength of the "excerpt" he was
			unsuccessful. The courts held he had not sufficient evidence. Probably he was confident that
			more evidence would turn up. Then he set to work to prove his pedigree. The Scotch law
			helped him in doing this, for it appeared that a person who wished to prove a question of
			pedigree could have the matter inquired into by a sheriff and a jury. In such an inquiry there
			would be no opposition, and any verdict obtained could not be set aside or challenged for 20
			years. In this way he obtained a decree that he was the great-great-great grandson of the
			first Earl of Stirling, and heir to all his ancestors' property in Scotland, Canada, and Nova
			Scotia. Such a decree was of great importance to him, as it enabled him to raise £50,000. He
			also opened an office in Parliament-street for the sale of grants of land in Canada. As Hereditary
			Lieutenant of Nova Scotia he exercised his privilege of granting the dignity of a baronetcy of
			Nova Scotia to his friends and supporters. To this dignity, he raised Sir Thomas Christopher
			Banks, also rewarding him with a large grant of land. He claimed all the dignities of his Scotch
			peerage, while to the inhabitants of Canada he published an almost regal proclamation. He
			claimed the privilege to do homage at the coronation of William IV [in September 1831] as
			Lieutenant of Canada, and protested against the appointment of a Governor-General of that
			Colony.
			'By this time he had taken a house in a fashionable quarter, and was beginning to live in great
			style and splendour. For some years, the Earl enjoyed his title, raising money on his prospects,
			and congratulating himself and his creditors on the progress of his cause. Needless to say, he
			managed to interest a large portion of the press in his favour, and paragraphs about Lord Stirling
			were constantly appearing. His daughter married a gentleman whose position and prospects in
			life seem to have been a good deal better that her own, but it was announced in the papers as
			an elopement in high life. Lord Stirling granted one of his supporters a right to be buried in the
			ancient burying-place of the Earls of Stirling, and this found its way into the papers. Somewhat
			tardily, the Crown lawyers determined to put a check on the Earl's career. In 1834 they began
			proceedings under the Scotch law to obtain a decree that everything the claimant had hitherto
			done to establish his claim was null and void, that he was not the great-great-great grandson
			of the first Earl of Stirling, and that the documents which he had produced were forgeries.
			'About this time rather an ominous thing happened. Sir Thomas Christopher Banks, the newly-
			created baronet of Nova Scotia, found it prudent to quarrel with and separate himself from his
			friend and patron the Earl, and he even went so far as to renounce his grant of land and
			baronetcy. In the year 1836 the matter was tried before the Lord Ordinary, Lord Cockburn. The
			claimant's pedigree was a simple one enough. John, the fourth son of the first Earl of Stirling,
			had married a Miss Agnes Graham, the heiress of Gartmoor. He had by this marriage one son,
			John, who lived at Antrim, married, and had son, the Rev. John, who was the claimant's grand-
			father. The first John died in 1666, the second John died in 1712, and the third John died in
			1743. So the Rev. John had been 'de jure' Earl of Stirling for five [sic] years without taking any
			steps to assert his rights, although, according to the claimant's story, some years before he had
			greatly interested himself in the matter.
			'The evidence tendered by the claimant on that occasion may be divided into two heads - the
			family papers, which had been collected by the Rev. John in 1723, when he inquired into his
			pedigree; and an inscription on the tomb of John the second, which undoubtedly proved the
			case, if it were believed, as neatly as if it had been made for the purpose. Under the first
			heading there were two affidavits that had been sworn in 1723. One was by Mr. Hovenden,
			who had been employed to examine the Charter of Novodamus. To the Novodamus most of his
			declaration related, but it began by saying he was well acquainted with the Rev. John Alexander,
			who was the grandson and only male representative of the Hon. John Alexander, of Gartmoor.
			Then there was an affidavit of a Sarah Lyners, who had been nurse to John of Antrim (John the
			second) when the Rev. John was born, that while she, when a girl, was in the service of Lady
			Montgomery, who had been an Alexander, she had seen John the first and John the second at
			her mistress's house, and knew they were father and son. The inscription was to the memory
			of John Alexander of Antrim. It spoke of him in the highest terms, as such inscriptions do, and,
			what was more to the point, said that he was the only son of the Hon. John Alexander, the
			fourth son of the first Earl of Stirling, and father of the Rev. John Alexander, Presbyterian
			minister, of Stratford-on-Avon. Now all the proof there was of this was a copy of it on what
			seemed to have been a page torn out of a book. There was a note on it: "Inscription on my
			grandfather's tomb at Newton, copied by Mr. Lyttelton." There was another note: "This leaf
			taken out of poor John's Bible, and put up with other family papers for my son Benjamin."
			This note was dated 1766, and signed by the widow of the Rev. John and three other persons.
			On the other hand, it was admitted that the tombstone no longer existed, but there were
			affidavits of two very old persons at Newton that they remembered having heard that there
			was such a tombstone.
			'Such was the claimant's case. That he was the grandson of the Rev. John there was no
			question. That there was an Hon. John, fourth son of the first Earl of Stirling, who married
			Agnes Graham, of Gartmoor, there was no question. But the Crown lawyers showed that the
			Hon. John and Agnes Graham had only one child, a daughter, for she inherited some Graham
			property as her mother's heir-at-law. Then, argued the plaintiff, there must have been a
			second marriage, the proof of which was that there was John of Antrim, the lawful son of
			the Hon. John. But John of Antrim's existence was just what the Crown lawyers denied. Lord
			Cockburn's judgment was that the claimant had failed to prove that the Rev. John Alexander
			was the son of John Alexander, of Antrim, and that he had also failed to prove that John of
			Antrim was the son of the Hon. John Alexander. This practically wiped out everything the
			plaintiff had done. It is not surprising that under these circumstances the claimant should
			find London, where he had raised large sums of money upon his prospects, and where he had
			opened the office in Parliament-street for the sale of grants of land in Canada and Nova Scotia,
			a somewhat troublesome place of residence. He made a hurried start for the Continent, without
			leaving an address for his supporters and creditors. In Paris he lived in considerable seclusion,
			spending a good deal of time at the house of Madame Le Norman. The latter was then seventy-
			five years old, but for her trade old age is an advantage, and she was daily gaining in reputation.
			She still appears to have believed in the destiny of the Earl of Stirling to triumph over all his
			misfortunes. His circumstances seemed dark enough; but suddenly there came a brilliant burst
			of light.
			'First one and then another wonderful thing happened. The claimant, of course, had published a
			statement of his rights and wrongs, and this had been published in London by Messrs De
			Porquet, booksellers. In April, 1837, Messrs De Porquet received a letter and a parcel. The
			former purported to be from a Mr. Innes Smith, who begged the publishers that they would send
			the packet to the Earl of Stirling, or any member of his lordship's family. The letter was sent to
			one of the claimant's sons, Mr. Eugene Alexander. Though the packet was directed to the Earl
			of Stirling, the young man determined that the best thing he could do was to open it himself. It
			was right, he thought, to have official witnesses of this act. He went to a public notary.
			Before the notary he opened the packet. Inside it were a parchment packet and a letter to the
			Earl of Stirling. On the packet was written: "Some of my wife's family papers." The letter, which
			was unsigned, was to the effect that the parchment packet was part of the contents of a cash-
			box, containing a good deal of money, that had been stolen from Mr. Humphreys 40 years
			before. The thief, who had been in a respectable position, had never been suspected. The thief
			had lately died, and his widow, having read Lord Stirling's case, had determined to send him the
			packet, which the thief had never dared to open. The letter concluded by saying that the
			writer, though willing to help Lord Stirling, would not make any disclosures which would bring
			disgrace on the family of the thief. Young Alexander then went with the parchment packet to
			a proctor of Doctors' Commons, where it was opened.
			'The packet contained two most important documents. One was a letter from one of the sons
			of the Rev. John Alexander, who had gone to Newton to inquire about the tombstone, to his
			brother. The letter said that the stone had been taken, but it went on: "You need not mind this,
			as you have Mr. Lyttelton's copy, which can be proved." It referred also to a memorandum on
			the back of a portrait of John of Antrim, which said that he had been educated under the eye of
			his maternal grandfather, Mr. Maxwell, and that he attained high distinction as a scholar. There
			was also a letter of about the same date, 1765, from a Mr. Bailie, who said that he was at John
			of Antrim's funeral when he was 21 years old, expressed his regret for a lawless act at Newton,
			the destruction of the tombstone by the American claimant, and went on to say: - "Your great-
			grandfather, the Hon. John Alexander, who was known as Mr. Alexander, of Gartmoor, died at
			Derry, but the parish registers were destroyed in 1689." This find, however, was nothing
			compared with one made by the famous Madame Le Norman. This windfall turned up also
			anonymously. Someone, who said he had been greatly served by Madame Le Norman, and
			wished to show her that she had not obliged an ungrateful man, sent her a document which he
			said would prove the case of Lord Stirling, in whom she was interested. He had kept it because
			of the interest of the autographs on it. He could not come forward personally, as he was in an
			official position. The foundation of this document was a map of Nova Scotia and Canada by the
			celebrated Guillaume Delisle, Premier Geographe du Roi, and it was dated 1703. On the back of
			this map there had been various notes written by various celebrated people, while some letters
			had also been pasted upon the back. Now, all these letters and notes referred to the rights
			which the Earls of Stirling had been granted by James and Charles. It appeared that for some
			reason a Monsieur Mallet wished to obtain information about the descendants of William, Earl of
			Stirling, as he had resided in Arcadie (Nova Scotia), and seen in the archives of that province an
			ancient document, the wonderful charter of grant of Novodamus to William, Earl of Stirling. Of
			this and of the terms of the grant he made a note, dated August 4th, 1706, on the back of the
			map, together with the curious note that if Canada was ever conquered by England the Earls of
			Stirling would own the whole of the country. This appeared to be the reason why various
			Frenchmen took an interest in the charter. Flechier, Bishop of Nismes, it appears, saw the map,
			and read over Mallet's note, and on June 3rd, 1707, wrote an endorsement to it that he had
			read a copy of the famous charter, and considered that M. Mallet's abstract was wonderfully
			accurate. That year Mallet died, but someone applied for more information to Fenelon,
			Archbishop of Cambray. That famous man appeared to know that the Marchioness de Lambert
			was very intimate with John Alexander, of Antrim. She obtained from him a letter giving a full
			account of his family, and referring to the famous charter, which he said had been registered
			in Scotland, but the book containing its registration had been lost. Then on this wonderful map
			there was a note by no less a person than Louis XIV, who said: "Let the original charter be
			obtained." Then there was the inscription from the tombstone as the claimant had it, with a
			statement that it was from his father's tomb, signed in 1723 by the Rev. John.
			'These two finds were undoubtedly very wonderful, so wonderful that when the claimant
			attempted to put them in evidence in the Scotch courts he was subjected to very severe
			interrogation by the court. His explanations were thought so very unsatisfactory that it
			resulted in his being charged with perjury.
			'His trial came on at Edinburgh early in the year 1839. The judge who tried the case was Lord
			Meadowbank. There were three charges against the prisoner. He was charged with having
			forged and uttered, knowing it was forged, the excerpt of the charter. Then he was charged
			with having forged the documents on the map; and he was charged with having forged and
			uttered the documents which had been received by the publishers. Though the prisoner's
			position now looked very black, he still had many friends. His cause had been popular with the
			poor people, while several gentlemen of character and position, who had been at school with
			him, retained a high regard for him, and believed that he was a man who would never be guilty
			of fraud or falsehood. One of these was a Colonel D'Aguilar, a distinguished officer who was
			Deputy Adjutant-General of the Forces in Ireland. He showed the regard he had for the prisoner
			by sitting beside him in the dock all through the trial. As to the "excerpt," the evidence for the
			prosecution to show that it was a forgery might be divided into two heads - internal evidence,
			derived from the document itself; and external evidence, which showed that the document of
			which it supposed to be a copy could never have been in existence.
			'It was shown that in the supposed copy there were certain terms which were never in a Royal
			charter. Then, on it, there was a reference to the Reg. Mag. Sig. Lib. LVII. This was obviously
			abbreviated Latin for Register of the Great Seal Book 57, but it was proved for the prosecution
			that it was not until the year 1800 that the register had been divided into books, and, therefore,
			such a reference on a document supposed to have been written in 1723 must be a forgery. An
			even more conclusive piece of evidence to prove a forgery was that the date on the supposed
			charter was December 7th, 1639. The first charter was witnessed on that day by John,
			Archbishop of St. Andrews - our Chancellor, and to it there was the signature of this Archbishop,
			John Spottiswoode. But Spottiswoode, Archbishop of St. Andrews, who had been Chancellor,
			had ceased to be Chancellor a year before, while it was shown by his tombstone in Westminster
			Abbey that he died in London on November 25th, 1639. So the charter had been witnesses by a
			dead man. The prosecution were also able to suggest how the mistake arose by putting in a
			well-known book, "Crawford's Lives." in which there was a mistake made as to the year of the
			Archbishop's death, while he was stated to have been Chancellor from 1635 to 1641. As to the
			external evidence, it was admitted that there were some leaves missing from the 57th volume
			of the register  of the Great Seal, but there was an index, which showed what charter would
			have been on those [missing] pages. It was proved also that if there had been any such charter
			it would not only have been registered in the book of the Great Seal, but in three other different
			registers, which were quite complete, and in none of them was there any mention of it. It was
			the boast of Scotland, so said Lord Meadowbank, that in no other country were the registers so
			well kept.
			'The French documents were rather cleverly done, and there was expert evidence in favour of
			the signatures, but the forger had made one great mistake, which was absolutely fatal. On the
			map which was the ground work of the forgeries was the date 1703. But the prosecution was
			able to show that particular copy could not have been published until 1718. The date 1703 was
			when the map had been first published, and copyright for it had been obtained, but it was not
			until 1718 that Delisle had been appointed Premier Geographe du Roi. Before that date Fenelon
			and Flechier, Bishop of Nismes, were both dead. So they had written on a document which was
			not in existence until after their death.
			'As to the map, a very curious incident happened during the trial. The copy of the inscription on
			the tombstone had been pasted on to the back of the map. No one had thought of removing it,
			but during the trial, owing either to the heat of the court or handling it, one corner began to
			turn up. It was clear there was writing underneath. The document was removed, and then it
			was found that it was pasted over what was evidently a bad attempt at a forgery of Fenelon,
			Archbishop of Cambray's, signature to some notes about the Alexanders.
			'The proof that the documents sent to the publishers were forgeries was not so strong, though,
			of course, no one would believe that, if the other documents were forgeries, they were genuine.
			The point of the case on which the main stress came was whether it was proved that the
			prisoner forged these documents, or knew that they were forged. Of course, there was the fact
			for the prosecution that they were mainly of use to him. Then they proved that about the time
			Madame Le Norman found the wonderful map the prisoner was in daily communication with her.
			It was proved that he had given that celebrated lady a bond for no less than £16,000. Then
			came some rather interesting correspondence between the prisoner and Madame, which was
			rather like that of two conspirators. Madame reminded him in one letter that in a struggle so one
			sided as his, all means are fair, and begged him to look carefully over his papers. She wrote: "I
			will not have my reputation, which is European, taken away by your countrymen." Other letters
			seemed to be prompting him to say that the bond was for money she had lent him. "As I would
			look with abhorrence on myself if I were so far the slave of cupidity as to exact a high
			remuneration for a friendly service."
			'The prisoner's counsel, Mr. Robertson, though he fought the question of forgery, put all the
			stress of the defence on the point of guilty knowledge. The prisoner was a gullible man, who had
			been made a tool of by others. It was to this point that he used with effect the strong evidence
			of good character [that] Colonel D'Aguilar and other witnesses gave the prisoner, for the jury
			found that, while the excerpt was a forgery, and the Le Norman documents were forgeries, it
			was not proven that the prisoner knew them to be forged. As for the other documents, they
			held it was not proven that they were forged. So the prisoner was acquitted; but no more was
			heard of his claims to the Stirling Peerage.'
			Charles Stourton, 8th Baron Stourton
			When the 7th Baron Stourton died, his son Charles, the 8th Baron, apparently entertained some
			fears regarding his inheritance. Accordingly, he drew up a document binding his mother, Lady
			Stourton, not to re-marry. Lady Stourton was hesitant, and refused to sign the document until
			she had consulted with George Hartgill, a gentleman farmer and neighbour, in whose integrity the
			whole of the surrounding county of Wiltshire trusted. Hartgill read the document and advised
			Lady Stourton not to sign it until her son had assigned her a fixed income. Lady Stourton heeded
			his advice.
			Stourton, unaccustomed to having his wishes flouted, flew into a violent rage and threatened to
			kill Hartgill unless he reversed his decision, but Hartgill stood firm. The following Sunday,
			Stourton gathered a gang of thugs and went to the Hartgill house at Kilmington. They arrived
			while the Hartgills were in church and proceeded to smash everything in the house they could
			lay their hands on. Servants who opposed them were beaten unconscious, but one servant
			managed to escape to carry the news to the family. Hartgill's son, John, dashed for home and
			was able to gain access to his longbow. He then proved his reputation as a bowman by
			wounding five of the attackers.
			The next day, the Hartgills sent a petition to the Queen, Mary I. In response, she sent an order
			to the Sheriff of Wiltshire to arrest Stourton and bring him to London for trial before her Lords in
			Council. In deference to his rank, Stourton was allowed to ride there with only a token escort.
			He spent three days in Newgate Prison while awaiting the Council's verdict. They took a lenient
			view of his actions and bound him over to keep the peace for a year, but made no order as to
			compensation for the Hartgills.
			Stourton, however, had no intention of letting the matter rest. For the next few months, the
			Hartgills lived under a reign of terror - in the dead of night, arrows thudded into their door,
			favourite dogs vanished and reappeared on their doorstep, mangled beyond recognition. Their
			cattle died of arrow wounds, hayricks burst into flames and their servants and labourers were
			beaten up and warned to leave the Hartgills' employment.
			At the height of this persecution, Queen Mary made a trip to Hampshire, where the Hartgills took
			the opportunity to complain. Mary was sympathetic and again ordered Stourton before the
			Council. Stourton admitted that he had persecuted the Hartgills, but swore that since Her
			Majesty had taken a personal interest, he would now relent. If the family would call at his house,
			he said, there would be a reconciliation and recompense.
			The honest Hartgills believed his word and George Hartgill set out for Stourton's home - but he
			never reached it. He was ambushed in a lonely lane by six of Stourton's thugs and savagely
			battered with their cudgels. He would almost certainly have bled to death had his son, worried
			for his father's safety, not ridden after him. The local population then combined to send a
			further petition to the Queen, who passed it onto her Star Chamber. This time, the judges
			delivered a stern lecture, but released Stourton on a £2000 bond. The bond was, however,
			never lodged, the Chamber preferring to take his word as a gentleman.
			On his return home, Stourton wrote to the Hartgills a letter couched in the most conciliatory
			terms, asking that they meet him at Kilmington Church, where he would pay them the
			compensation ordered by the Star Chamber. Believing that the Star Chamber had taught him a
			lesson, and that no violence would take place on holy ground, the Hartgills, father and son,
			arrived at the church, where Stourton cried 'I arrest you for a felony.'
			Stourton's thugs seized the two Hartgills, bound them hand and foot and hustled them into the
			parsonage next to the church. Leaving one man to guard them, Stourton's party then dispersed,
			but returned a little later and transported them, across the backs of horses, to Bonham, a
			house near Stourton's home. Stourton called in two local magistrates and demanded they
			commit the prisoners to the local prison. They acceded to Stourton's request and then left
			hastily.
			Stourton was infuriated by the Hartgills' refusal to beg for their lives, so he had them taken
			to his home that night. They had now been bound for 36 hours and were weak from thirst
			and hunger. Their captors dumped them in the back garden and disappeared into the house,
			returning with spades, with which they beat out their victims' brains. Believing them to be
			dead, the Hartgills were carried into Stourton's private apartment and laid them on the floor.
			When the old man stirred and groaned, Stourton drew his dagger and cut his throat. The
			murderers then buried the Hartgills in a 15-feet deep grave under the flagstones in the
			cellar.
			Within a few days, the disappearance of the Hartgills was the talk of the county. The
			Sheriff of Wiltshire, Sir Anthony Hungerford, opened an investigation. The two local
			magistrates informed him that they had left the Hartgills in Stourton's charge. Gradually,
			Hungerford pieced the whole story together - one of the thugs confessed and the bodies
			were recovered from the cellar. Stourton and four of his henchmen were arrested and Stourton
			was sent to the Tower of London to await trial, with his henchmen being locked up at Salisbury.
			Here he was found guilty by a special commission. Stourton believed that, as Mary was at the
			time in the midst of a religious purge, and being of the same religion as her, she would take a
			lenient view of the praiseworthy killing of two heretics. But Mary, although intolerant of
			religious opposition, was extremely just in other respects and she viewed Stourton's crime as
			being murder.
			Stourton was taken to Salisbury and hanged on 6 March 1557. He exercised his right as a peer
			to be hanged with a silken rope, which being thinner, compressed his windpipe much quicker
			than a normal rope, while its smoothness allowed the noose to run much more freely. His four
			henchmen were hanged in chains near the scene of their crime.
			Henry William John Byng, 4th Earl of Strafford
			On 16 May 1899, the 4th Earl of Strafford was killed when hit by a train at Potter's Bar, 18
			miles north of London.
			The report in 'The Times' of 18 May 1899 states that:-
			'Inquiries have failed to clear up the precise circumstances of the terrible occurrence, and it is
			probable that not until the inquest is held today will the facts be ascertained with certainty.
			All that seems to be established beyond doubt is that Lord Strafford went down to Potter's
			Bar on Tuesday afternoon and engaged at the local station a cab to convey him to Wrotham
			Park. He drove in that direction, but discharged the man before reaching his destination. Some
			time later his dead and mutilated body was found near the railway station at Potter's Bar. The
			remains were removed to the Station Hotel, and afterwards, by special coroner's permit, to
			Wrotham Park. It is related that on Tuesday evening an elderly gentleman, apparently not
			known to the few people who were waiting at Potter's Bar Station, was seen to be strolling
			about the upper end of the platform just as an express train from Cambridge was passing
			through, at 6.30, on its way to London. No sound was heard, and nothing unusual was seen
			until the express was clear of the station, and then it was noticed that the gentleman had
			disappeared. A few minutes later, the Earl's mutilated body was found some 50 yards up the
			line, to which point it had apparently been carried by the engine. The identity of the body was
			in doubt for some time, but was ultimately settled by marks upon the linen and by documents
			in the pockets……….'
			At the subsequent inquest, medical evidence showed that the Earl had a history of mild
			seizures after which his mind was temporarily dazed and semi-conscious. No evidence relating
			to possible suicide was presented and the verdict was that the Earl had met his death by
			misadventure, presumably when in a dazed state after one of his seizures.
			The barony of Strange created in 1628
			This is one of a number of peerages which were created in error. Similar examples relate to the
			baronies of Percy created in 1722 and de Clifford, also created in 1628. In each case it was
			wrongly assumed that the ancient baronies were vested as subsidiary titles in higher ranked
			peerages, and were therefore available for use in "writs of acceleration," where the eldest son
			and heir apparent of a peer can be summoned to the House of Lords. In these cases, the
			subsidiary peerage to which the writ of acceleration applied were not vested as was assumed,
			with the result that the writ had the effect of creating a new peerage.
			The barony of Strange de Knokin was a barony by tenure from the time of King Henry II, and
			became a barony by writ when John le Strange was summoned to attend Parliament in December
			1299. The barony passed down through the descendants of the 1st baron until the death of the
			8th Lord Strange de Knokin in 1477. He died without any male heirs, and his only daughter and
			heiress, Joan, married George Stanley, son of 1st Earl of Derby. He was summoned to Parliament
			in the right of his wife in 1482, but he died during the lifetime of his father in 1497. On the death
			of Joan in 1514, the barony of Strange de Knokin became merged in the earldom of Derby.
			The earldom of Derby, together with the barony of Strange de Knokin, descended to Ferdinando,
			5th Earl of Derby, who died in 1594, leaving three daughters and co-heiresses - Anne, married
			firstly to Grey Bridges, Lord Chandos and secondly to the notorious Mervyn Tuchet, 2nd Earl of
			Castlehaven [qv]; Frances, who married John Egerton, 1st Earl of Bridgewater; and Elizabeth,
			who married Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon. As a result, the barony of Strange de
			Knockin fell into abeyance between the three sisters, while the earldom of Derby passed to the
			heir male, William, 6th Earl of Derby.
			However, under the erroneous notion that the barony of Strange de Knokin remained vested in
			the 6th Earl of Derby, his son, James Stanley, was summoned to Parliament in March 1628. The
			writ was meant to be one of acceleration, but because the barony in which he was being called
			was not vested in his father, the writ created a new peerage.
			James Stanley succeeded as 7th Earl of Derby in 1642. His daughter and eventual heiress
			married John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl, and through this marriage James, 2nd Duke of
			Atholl, became on the death, without issue, of James, 10th Earl of Derby in 1736, heir to the
			barony of Strange created in 1628. The question of Atholl's entitlement to the barony was
			discussed in the House of Lords in March 1736, and his claim to it was allowed by the House. For
			a detailed discussion on this case, see Chapter 5, Section 78 of "A Treatise on the Origin and
			Nature of Dignities or Titles of Honour" by William Cruise [1823] available on Google Books. See
			also the notes under "Percy (creation of 1722)" and "Clifford (creation of 1628)"
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